secret branch

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-*.log
-*.aux
-*.synctex.gz

CLIENT.sh

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#/bin/bash
-# CONFIGURACAO DO CLIENTE
-# (KALI LINUX)
-
-function instalar() {
-    apt list installed "$1" &>/dev/null && echo "$1 já instalado" || sudo apt install -y "$1"
-}
-
-IP="20.60.0.2"
-
-sudo ifconfig eth1 $IP netmask 255.255.255.0
-sudo route add default gw 20.60.0.1
-
-sudo apt update
-instalar zaproxy
-
-
-# exploits

DMZ.sh

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ routerIp=23.214.219.254
 mask25=255.255.255.128
 
 dns=23.214.219.130
-mail=23.214.219.134
+mail=23.214.219.131
-vpn_gw=23.214.219.133
+vpn_gw=23.214.219.132
-www=23.214.219.132
+www=23.214.219.133
-smtp=23.214.219.131
+smtp=23.214.219.134
 
 dnsPort=53
 mailPort=888
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ sudo systemctl enable iptables
 sudo iptables -F
 sudo ifconfig enp0s8 $ip netmask $mask25
 sudo ip route add 192.168.10.0/24 via $routerIp
-sudo route add default gw $routerIp
+sudo add default gw $routerIp
 # alias dos ips
 sudo ip addr add $dns dev enp0s8
 sudo ip addr add $mail dev enp0s8

INTERNET.sh

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ sudo systemctl disable firewalld
 sudo systemctl mask firewalld
 sudo systemctl enable iptables
 sudo iptables -F
-sudo ifconfig enp0s8 $dns2 netmask $mask24
+sudo ifconfig enp0s8 $dn2 netmask $mask24
 sudo route add default gw $routerIp
-#sudo ip addr add $dns2 dev enp0s8
+sudo ip addr add $dns2 dev enp0s8
 sudo ip addr add $eden dev enp0s8

README.md

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-kys 

ROUTER.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+IF_DMZ="enp0s8"
+IF_INT="enp0s9"
+IF_EXT="enp0s10"
+NET_DMZ="23.214.219.128/25"   
+NET_INT="192.168.10.0/24"    
+IP_EXT_FW="87.248.214.97"     
+IP_DMZ_FW="23.214.219.254"    
+IP_INT_FW="192.168.10.254"    
+IP_DMZ_DNS="23.214.219.130"
+IP_DMZ_SMTP="23.214.219.131"
+IP_DMZ_WWW="23.214.219.132"
+IP_DMZ_VPN_GW="23.214.219.133"
+IP_DMZ_MAIL="23.214.219.134"
+IP_INT_FTP="192.168.10.2"
+IP_INT_DATASTORE="192.168.10.3"
+IP_DNS2="193.137.16.75"       
+IP_EDEN="193.136.212.1"       
+
+sudo yum install epel-release -y
+sudo yum install suricata -y  
+sudo suricata-update
+
+sudo ifconfig $IF_DMZ $IP_DMZ_FW netmask 255.255.255.128
+sudo ifconfig $IF_INT $IP_INT_FW netmask 255.255.255.0
+sudo ifconfig $IF_EXT $IP_EXT_FW netmask 255.255.255.0
+
+sudo iptables -F
+sudo iptables -t nat -F
+sudo iptables -t mangle -F
+sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
+
+sudo iptables -P INPUT DROP      
+sudo iptables -P FORWARD DROP    
+sudo iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
+
+sudo modprobe nf_conntrack_ftp
+sudo modprobe nf_nat_ftp
+
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -j NFQUEUE --queue-num 0
+sudo iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A INPUT -i $IF_INT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A INPUT -i $IF_DMZ -s $IP_DMZ_VPN_GW -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
+
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p udp -d $IP_DMZ_DNS --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -s $IP_DMZ_DNS -d $IP_DNS2 -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -s $IP_DNS2 -d $IP_DMZ_DNS -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -d $IP_DMZ_SMTP --dport 25 -j ACCEPT   
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -d $IP_DMZ_MAIL --dport 110 -j ACCEPT  
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -d $IP_DMZ_MAIL --dport 143 -j ACCEPT  
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -d $IP_DMZ_WWW -m multiport --dports 80,443 -j ACCEPT 
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p udp -d $IP_DMZ_VPN_GW --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT 
+
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $IF_DMZ -s $IP_DMZ_VPN_GW -d $NET_INT -j ACCEPT
+
+sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $NET_INT -o $IF_EXT -j SNAT --to-source $IP_EXT_FW
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $IF_INT -o $IF_EXT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $IF_INT -o $IF_EXT -p tcp -m multiport --dports 80,443,22,21 -j ACCEPT
+
+sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_EXT -d $IP_EXT_FW -p tcp --dport 21 -j DNAT --to-destination $IP_INT_FTP
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $IF_EXT -d $IP_INT_FTP -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
+
+sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_EXT -s $IP_EDEN -d $IP_EXT_FW -p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination $IP_INT_DATASTORE
+sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $IF_EXT -s $IP_DNS2 -d $IP_EXT_FW -p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination $IP_INT_DATASTORE
+sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $IF_EXT -d $IP_INT_DATASTORE -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

SERVER.sh

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# SERVIDOR INTERNO
-# (CentOS 9)
-alias "s"="sudo systemctl"
-
-function instalar() {
-    yum list installed "$1" &>/dev/null && echo "$1 já instalado" || sudo yum install -y "$1"
-}
-
-IP_EXTERNAL="20.60.0.1"
-IP_INTERNAL="10.60.0.1"
-
-sudo ifconfig enp0s8 $IP_EXTERNAL netmask 255.255.255.0
-sudo ifconfig enp0s9 $IP_INTERNAL netmask 255.255.255.0
-
-# instalar packages
-if ! command -v node &> /dev/null || [[ "$(node -v)" != v24.* ]]; then
-    echo "Configurando repositório do Node.js 24..."
-    curl -fsSL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_24.x | sudo bash -
-    sudo yum remove -y nodejs
-fi
-instalar nodejs
-
-# instalar mod security e apache
-instalar epel-release
-instalar httpd
-instalar mod_security
-
-instalar iptables-services
-s stop firewalld
-s disable firewalld
-s mask firewalld
-s enable iptables
-sudo iptables -F
-
-# nat
-sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
-sudo iptables -t nat -F
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s8 -o enp0s9 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o enp0s8 -j MASQUERADE
-sudo iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
-
-sudo cp conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
-sudo cp conf/modsecurity.conf /etc/httpd/conf/modsecurity.conf
-sudo mkdir -p /var/log/modsecurity/
-sudo rm -f /etc/httpd/conf.d/mod_security.conf
-sudo rm -f /etc/httpd/modsecurity.d/*.conf
-
-# instalar juice-shop se nao existir
-jspath="/var/juice-shop"
-if [[ ! -f "$jspath/package.json" ]]; then
-    sudo mkdir -p "$jspath"
-    curl -L -o js.tar.gz "https://github.com/juice-shop/juice-shop/releases/download/v20.0.0/juice-shop-20.0.0_node24_linux_x64.tgz"
-    sudo tar -xzvf js.tar.gz -C "$jspath" --strip-components=1
-    rm js.tar.gz
-    sudo chown -R $USER:$USER "$jspath"
-fi
-
-sudo systemctl stop httpd
-
-# correr juice shop via npm
-cd "$jspath"
-npm start &
-
-httpd -X

assignment1/ROUTER.sh

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-dns2="87.248.214.99"
-eden="87.248.214.100"
-
-# Router 1
-dmzIP="23.214.219.254"
-internalIP="192.168.10.254"
-externalIP="87.248.214.97"
-
-# DMZ /25
-dns="23.214.219.130"
-smtp="23.214.219.131"
-www="23.214.219.132"
-vpn_gw="23.214.219.133"
-mail="23.214.219.134"
-
-# Internal
-ftp="192.168.10.2"
-datastore="192.168.10.3"
-dhcpClient="192.168.10.4"
-
-# Interfaces
-dmzIF="enp0s8"
-internalIF="enp0s9"
-externalIF="enp0s10"
-
-sudo ifconfig $dmzIF $dmzIP netmask 255.255.255.128
-sudo ifconfig $internalIF $internalIP netmask 255.255.255.0
-sudo ifconfig $externalIF $externalIP netmask 255.255.255.0
-
-sudo yum install iptables-services -y
-sudo systemctl stop firewalld
-sudo systemctl disable firewalld
-sudo systemctl mask firewalld
-sudo systemctl enable iptables
-sudo iptables -F
-sudo iptables -t nat -F
-sudo iptables -t mangle -F
-sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
-iptables -P INPUT DROP
-iptables -P FORWARD DROP
-iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
-
-#sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -i $internalIF -o enp0s3 -j MASQUERADE #SUS
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT #CAREFULL
-
-#DNS name resolution requests sent to outside servers and want a response:
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i $externalIF -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-
-#SSH connections to the router system that originate from the inside and want an answer:
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i $internalIF -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i $dmzIF -s $vpn_gw -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-
-#The dns server should be able to resolve names using the internet (and others???)
-sudo iptables -I FORWARD -j NFQUEUE --queue-bypass
-sudo iptables -I INPUT -j NFQUEUE --queue-bypass
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $dmzIF -o $externalIF -s $dns -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-
-#The internal network should be able to send and recieve dns name resolutions to the dns server (1!)
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $dns -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT #THIS IS IMPORTANT AND MIGHT FUCK US
-
-#The dns and dns2 servers should be able to synchronize the contents of DNS zones. (protocol tcp port 53)
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $dmzIF -o $externalIF -s $dns -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-
-#SMTP connections to the smtp server and returns
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $smtp -p tcp --dport 587 -j ACCEPT 
-#sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $dmzIF -o $internalIF -p tcp --dport 587 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-
-#POP and IMAP connections to the www server
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $mail -p tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $mail -p tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT
-
-#HTTP and HTTPS connectins
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $www -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $www -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
-
-#OpenVPN connections to the vpn-gw server
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $dmzIF -d $vpn_gw -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT 
-#sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $dmzIF -o $internalIF -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
-
-#VPN clients connected to the gateway vpn-gw ???? vpn should be able to acess ftp e datastore
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $dmzIF -o $internalIF -s $vpn_gw -d $ftp -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $dmzIF -o $internalIF -s $vpn_gw -d $datastore -j ACCEPT 
-
-#FTP da internet WORRIED ???
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $externalIF -o $internalIF -d $ftp -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $externalIF -p tcp --sport 20 -j ACCEPT #MIGHT BE NEEDED
-
-#SSH CONNECTIONS datastore server but only from eden or dn2 DNAT -s servers, and port and -d interface
-sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s $dns2 -p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination $datastore
-sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s $eden -p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination $datastore
-sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i $externalIF -p tcp --dport 21 -j DNAT --to-destination $ftp
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $externalIF -o $internalIF -d $datastore -s $dns2 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT #Need to check and make diferent ip addresses
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $externalIF -o $internalIF -d $datastore -s $eden -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-
-#$internalIF to internet DNS, http, https, ssh, FTP(SERVERS??????(WHO INVITED THIS GUY)) SNAT
-sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.10.0/24 -o $externalIF -j SNAT --to-source $externalIP
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $externalIF -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $externalIF -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $externalIF -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $externalIF -p tcp --sport 21 -j ACCEPT #MIGHT NOT BE ENOUGH
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i $internalIF -o $externalIF -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT

assignment1/relatorio.tex

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
-\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
-\usepackage[lining]{ebgaramond}
-\usepackage{listings}
-
-\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{
-    basicstyle=\ttfamily\footnotesize,
-    breakatwhitespace=false,         
-    breaklines=true,                 
-    captionpos=b,                    
-    keepspaces=true,                 
-    numbers=left,                    
-    numbersep=5pt,                  
-    showspaces=false,                
-    showstringspaces=false,
-    showtabs=false,                  
-    tabsize=2
-}
-
-\lstset{style=mystyle}
-
-\title{Practical Assignment \#1}
-\author{
-    João Neto -- 2023234004\\[1em]
-    Vasco Alves -- 2022228207
-}
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-\tableofcontents
-\newpage
-
-\section{Introduction}
-O objetivo principal deste trabalho era aprender IPTables e como configurar um com o Suricata um sistema de filtração e deteção de ataques. Para esse fim, foi simulado um sistema dividido em três redes e um router para conectar-las. As três redes são a DMZ (23.214.219.128/25, enp0s8), Internal network (192.168.10.0/24, enp0s9) e Internet (87.248.214.0/24, enp0s10).
-
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-Rede,Interface,Gama IP
-DMZ,enp0s8,23.214.219.128/25
-Internal,enp0s9,192.168.10.0/24
-Internet,enp0s10,87.248.214.0/24
-\end{lstlisting}
-As três redes tem varios serviços, o DMZ tem dns(23.214.219.130), mail(23.214.219.134), vpn-gw(23.214.219.133), www(23.214.219.132) e smpt(23.214.219.131). A Internal network tem ftp(192.168.10.2), datastore(192.168.10.3) e clientes (nos testes os clientes tem ip 192.168.10.4, mas está configurado para dar para qualquer edereço). Por fim a rede Internet tem dns2 (87.248.214.99) e eden (87.248.214.100), existe também outros serviços (87.248.214.98).
-Para facilitar a recriação deste sistema foi criado 4 ficheiros .sh (um para cada rede e o router), e disponibilizamos os ficheiros suricata.rules e suricata.yaml, para o suricata que estiver ligado ao Router.  Os ficheiros .sh vão ter comandos para configurar o sistema para este exercicio.
-\section{Firewall}
-\subsection{Packet fileter without NAT}
-O policy que foi escolhido foi:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-iptables -P INPUT DROP
-iptables -P FORWARD DROP
-iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
-\end{lstlisting}
-Foi escolhido porque é mais facil dar DROP a todos os pacotes que não foi criado regras do que criar uma regra de DROP para todos os protocolos e possibilidades, o OUTPUT ficou para ACCEPT porque não existe razão para dar DROP dos pacotes que estamos a enviar neste trabalho.
-Para o router conseguir resolver DNS requests e para aceitar coneções SSH da rede interna ou da VPN gateway foi utilizado estes comandos:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i enp0s10 -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i enp0s9 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -i enp0s8 -s 23.214.219.133 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-\end{lstlisting}
-Para conseguirmos a confirguração pedida entre redes foi utilizado estes commandos:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s8 -o enp0s10 -s 23.214.219.130 -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.130 -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s8 -o enp0s10 -s 23.214.219.130 -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.131 -p tcp --dport 587 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.134 -p tcp --dport 143 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.134 -p tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.132 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.132 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s8 -d 23.214.219.133 -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s8 -o enp0s9 -s 23.214.219.133 -d 192.168.10.2 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s8 -o enp0s9 -s 23.214.219.133 -d 192.168.10.3 -j ACCEPT
-\end{lstlisting}
-Inicialmente as implementações de respostas a forward eram especificas para cada regra isto é por exemplo:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -o enp0s8 -i enp0s10 -p udp --dport 53 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-\end{lstlisting}
-No entanto isso facilmente originava confusão entre nós, então decimos utilizar estas duas regras:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-sudo iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-\end{lstlisting}
-Neste cenario o uso destas regras faz sentido, mas pode existir outros cenarios no futuro que não queremos uma resposta, e nesse caso temos de criar as regras necessarias.
-\subsection{Packet filtering with NAT}
-Para conecções com origem/destino na internet foi utilizado DNAT/SNAT e iptables para "esconder" o ip para a internet que querer aceder a rede interna para não terem acesso ao edereço ip e iproutes para bloquear certos pacotes de entrar, para conseguir a configuração utilizamos estes comandos:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s10 -o enp0s9 -d 192.168.10.2 -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s10 -p tcp --sport 20 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s $dns2 -p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.10.3
-sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s $eden -p tcp --dport 22 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.10.3
-sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i enp0s10 -p tcp --dport 21 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.10.2
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s10 -o enp0s9 -d 192.168.10.3 -s $dns2 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s10 -o enp0s9 -d 192.168.10.3 -s $eden -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.10.0/24 -o enp0s10 -j SNAT --to-source 87.248.214.97
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s10 -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s10 -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT 
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s10 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s10 -p tcp --sport 21 -j ACCEPT
-sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i enp0s9 -o enp0s10 -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
-\end{lstlisting}
-
-\section{Intrusion Detection}
-As regras que utilizamos para o suricata foram estas:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-drop tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET any (msg:"ET"; flags:S; threshold:type both, track by_src, count 5, seconds 60; classtype:attempted-recon; sid:1000001; rev:1;)
-drop tcp any any -> any 80 (msg:"SQL injection"; content:"union"; nocase; content:"select"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000002; rev:1;)
-drop tcp any any -> any 80 (msg:"SQl injection"; content:"'or 1=1"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000003; rev:1;)
-drop tcp any any -> any 80 (msg:"XSS"; content:"<script"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000004; rev:1;)
-\end{lstlisting}
-A primeira é para port scaning, a segunda e a terceira é para o caso de SQL injection, e a ultima é para XSS atacks.
-Também atualizamos o iptables para passar para o suricata os pacotes para analizar e bloquear com:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-sudo iptables -I FORWARD -j NFQUEUE --queue-bypass
-sudo iptables -I INPUT -j NFQUEUE --queue-bypass
-\end{lstlisting}
-
-\section{Tests utilizados}
-Netcat foi utilizado para maior parte dos testes excepto para FTP, em que devido ás suas caracteristicas especificas, utilizamos os serviços para ter a certeza que funcionava com a nossa configuração. Utilizamos estes comandos curl para testar se eram bloqueados:
-\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash]
-curl -i "http://23.214.219.132/index.php?id=1%20union%20select%201,2,3"
-curl -i "http://23.214.219.132/login.php?user='or%201=1"
-curl -i "http://23.214.219.132/search.php?q=<script>alert('XSS')</script>"
-\end{lstlisting}
-
-\section{Conclusion}
-Ao realizar-mos este projeto aprendemos sobre a criação de scenarios em VMs, a configuração de uma firewall utilizando IPTables e a configuração de um IDS/IPS system utilizando Suricata
-\end{document}

assignment1/relatorio.toc

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-\babel@toc {portuguese}{}\relax 
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{2}{}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Firewall}{2}{}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Packet fileter without NAT}{2}{}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Packet filtering with NAT}{3}{}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Intrusion Detection}{4}{}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Tests utilizados}{5}{}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Conclusion}{5}{}%

assignment1/suricata.rules

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-drop tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET any (msg:"ET"; flags:S; threshold:type both, track by_src, count 5, seconds 60; classtype:attempted-recon; sid:1000001; rev:1;)
-drop tcp any any -> any 80 (msg:"SQL injection"; content:"union"; nocase; content:"select"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000002; rev:1;)
-drop tcp any any -> any 80 (msg:"SQl injection"; content:"'or 1=1"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000003; rev:1;)
-drop tcp any any -> any 80 (msg:"XSS"; content:"<script"; nocase; classtype:web-application-attack; sid:1000004; rev:1;)
-

assignment2/VM_CONFIG.sh

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# NOTA(vasco): feito para correr como root
-if [[ "$USER" != "root" ]]; then
-    echo "corre o script como root"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-yum install -y epel-release
-yum install -y openvpn iptables-services dhcp-client ntpsec
-systemctl stop firewalld
-systemctl disable firewalld
-systemctl mask firewalld
-systemctl enable iptables
-iptables -F
-
-CA_DIR="/etc/pki/CA"
-mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/newcerts"
-mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/private"
-touch "${CA_DIR}/index.txt"
-cp ca/serial "${CA_DIR}/serial"
-
-mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/server
-mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/client
-
-# NOTE(vasco): tive problemas com a sincronização de tempo
-# se nao tiver sincronizado, o TOTP nao funciona
-systemctl stop chronyd
-ntpdate pool.ntp.org
-systemctl start chronyd

assignment2/VM_OPENSSL_APACHE.sh

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# configuracao
-source VM_CONFIG.sh
-
-sudo yum install -y epel-release
-sudo yum install -y openssl httpd mod_ssl mod_authnz_pam google-authenticator 
-sudo yum install -y mod_session
-
-# utilizador
-id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
-echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
-
-if_dentro="enp0s8"
-ip_dentro="10.60.0.1"
-ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
-
-# route de volta para comunicar com o warrior
-route add -net 10.8.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.60.0.3
-
-cp conf/openssl.cnf /etc/pki/tls/
-
-# copiar ca para esta VM
-cp ca/index.txt $CA_DIR
-cp ca/ca.crt $CA_DIR
-cp ca/ca.key $CA_DIR
-cp ca/serial $CA_DIR
-cp ca/dh2048.pem $CA_DIR
-
-# correr oscp
-killall openssl 2>/dev/null
-openssl ocsp -index $CA_DIR/index.txt -port 8888 -rsigner $CA_DIR/ca.crt -rkey $CA_DIR/ca.key -CA $CA_DIR/ca.crt -text &
-
-# apache
-mkdir -p /etc/httpd/ssl
-cp ca/ca.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
-cp ca/apache.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
-cp ca/apache.key /etc/httpd/ssl/
-cp conf/ssl.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
-cp conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
-cp conf/httpd-totp /etc/pam.d/httpd-totp
-
-# sim, é preciso fazer isto para carregar serviços
-echo "LoadModule session_module modules/mod_session.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
-echo "LoadModule session_cookie_module modules/mod_session_cookie.so" >> /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
-echo "LoadModule auth_form_module modules/mod_auth_form.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-auth_form.conf
-
-# mega paginas webs
-cp -r www/* /var/www/html/
-chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/
-
-httpd -X

assignment2/VM_ROAD_WARRIOR.sh

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# --- configuração --- #
-source VM_CONFIG.sh
-ifconfig enp0s8 193.136.212.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
-route add default gw 193.136.212.1 
-
-if ! grep -q "apache" /etc/hosts; then
-    echo "10.60.0.1 apache" >> /etc/hosts
-fi
-
-# --- vpn client --- #
-vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/client/"
-cp ca/ta.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/user.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/user.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp conf/client.conf $vpn_dir 
-
-openvpn --config "${vpn_dir}/client.conf"

assignment2/VM_VPN_GATEWAY.sh

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# NOTE(vasco): 
-# Ao configurar a maquina virtual em si deixei a rede externa primeiro (enp0s8)
-# E a rede interna como a segunda interface (enp0s9).
-
-# --- configuração --- #
-source VM_CONFIG.sh
-yum install -y google-authenticator qrencode ntpsec
-
-# --- forwarding --- #
-if_fora="enp0s8"
-ip_fora="193.136.212.1"
-if_dentro="enp0s9"
-ip_dentro="10.60.0.3"
-mega_tunel="tun0"
-ip_mega_tunel="10.8.0.0/24"
-
-ifconfig $if_fora $ip_fora netmask 255.255.255.0
-ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
-
-echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
-sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
-
-iptables -I INPUT 1  -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_dentro -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_dentro -o $mega_tunel -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_fora -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $ip_mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j MASQUERADE
-iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
-
-# --- vpn server --- #
-vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/server"
-cp ca/ta.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/vpn.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/vpn.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/dh2048.pem $vpn_dir 
-cp conf/vpn.conf $vpn_dir 
-cp conf/ocsp-verify.sh $vpn_dir
-cp conf/totp /etc/pam.d/
-
-# --- utilizador --- #
-id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
-echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
-
-openvpn --config /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.conf

assignment2/ca/1000.pem

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4096 (0x1000)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 10:50:26 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 10:50:26 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=gateway
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:bc:46:6b:0e:12:3f:c2:64:0d:dd:36:e7:86:a2:
-                    f6:98:04:86:21:73:85:3b:cc:ce:7d:c5:74:f9:8d:
-                    97:f8:c9:01:1c:e9:88:db:10:fc:40:a8:2a:44:76:
-                    de:07:bd:39:58:c3:ba:b3:9a:d2:01:91:12:c8:7f:
-                    0e:7a:51:56:f6:a4:ad:4e:63:92:8e:05:b9:9d:5a:
-                    76:37:60:58:60:0a:10:f2:6e:15:6b:76:a1:34:91:
-                    c5:cf:c7:86:00:cd:3f:53:c2:e9:45:8c:86:49:c2:
-                    a1:36:f9:ca:3b:a5:30:76:92:ff:a6:e5:fa:40:67:
-                    d9:91:ea:24:90:a5:a4:e0:15:2a:da:ce:1b:4e:f9:
-                    86:7e:9f:33:de:e9:24:dc:b9:60:fa:c9:f0:e0:79:
-                    83:a3:d3:b3:c9:61:37:9d:26:ab:e9:bd:21:68:74:
-                    51:02:e0:a2:36:24:9e:c6:5d:22:f3:f6:76:8d:17:
-                    ab:e3:46:a2:dc:a3:e4:f8:bc:a2:4b:59:8b:76:f4:
-                    91:7e:2f:48:79:b6:72:1b:d5:45:e2:9f:d3:8d:b2:
-                    f6:45:53:07:95:4d:8e:76:73:b8:54:10:17:63:c4:
-                    07:bf:bf:a6:72:4f:ea:be:b7:1d:38:37:3a:95:26:
-                    8f:36:81:a0:53:07:d3:49:32:7a:de:3c:7f:61:b6:
-                    7c:21
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                96:52:2F:9E:1C:51:4D:A7:91:73:93:1B:E6:69:6C:06:99:28:2D:0B
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        9a:fd:c0:13:d2:8a:7d:8d:d6:79:d0:35:1f:a6:75:ea:ff:1b:
-        73:1a:4b:30:d9:c8:3b:9d:96:e5:a8:28:eb:74:26:0d:13:fa:
-        e1:89:ad:eb:38:d4:57:d1:72:af:c5:93:ab:ce:07:35:3a:b5:
-        34:9f:72:af:71:b7:79:23:c8:88:99:af:a9:bf:72:8f:01:f2:
-        cf:f8:a1:57:8e:2a:05:e7:05:c2:0e:ac:92:df:db:f4:fd:64:
-        16:01:28:5a:7b:8b:c1:e3:8b:49:48:58:b4:36:28:ed:a3:99:
-        60:9c:a7:a6:3b:eb:07:3d:42:36:29:f2:d2:ff:07:86:34:3c:
-        0a:b0:70:cb:23:d2:f3:f1:f7:88:74:a5:a6:c3:ee:4e:5f:d7:
-        6d:ba:a6:83:09:76:f5:e4:1a:3b:d5:58:e9:be:a8:80:cf:68:
-        13:82:95:b3:da:75:43:4b:e7:f3:fb:6b:0d:b3:d5:07:5e:1b:
-        7a:69:f4:77:1b:59:eb:c5:a1:84:fb:cc:3e:5c:26:f5:b3:b3:
-        4d:36:8d:40:d2:53:f9:1e:bd:cf:b9:4b:c3:a8:40:29:97:58:
-        48:c2:94:94:28:9d:3f:e7:e3:d2:a3:db:32:8d:fb:a9:bb:c3:
-        32:a5:b3:c0:8b:c5:e3:56:45:55:2d:fb:62:5a:c0:36:f1:df:
-        b6:00:f9:b9
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDIzCCAgugAwIBAgICEAAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjEwNTAyNloXDTI3MDQyMjEw
-NTAyNlowEjEQMA4GA1UEAwwHZ2F0ZXdheTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEP
-ADCCAQoCggEBALxGaw4SP8JkDd0254ai9pgEhiFzhTvMzn3FdPmNl/jJARzpiNsQ
-/ECoKkR23ge9OVjDurOa0gGREsh/DnpRVvakrU5jko4FuZ1adjdgWGAKEPJuFWt2
-oTSRxc/HhgDNP1PC6UWMhknCoTb5yjulMHaS/6bl+kBn2ZHqJJClpOAVKtrOG075
-hn6fM97pJNy5YPrJ8OB5g6PTs8lhN50mq+m9IWh0UQLgojYknsZdIvP2do0Xq+NG
-otyj5Pi8oktZi3b0kX4vSHm2chvVReKf042y9kVTB5VNjnZzuFQQF2PEB7+/pnJP
-6r63HTg3OpUmjzaBoFMH00kyet48f2G2fCECAwEAAaNCMEAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFJZS
-L54cUU2nkXOTG+ZpbAaZKC0LMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFKzNecyAF6qNFsyXsek2XgAq
-vVvVMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQCa/cAT0op9jdZ50DUfpnXq/xtzGksw2cg7
-nZblqCjrdCYNE/rhia3rONRX0XKvxZOrzgc1OrU0n3Kvcbd5I8iIma+pv3KPAfLP
-+KFXjioF5wXCDqyS39v0/WQWAShae4vB44tJSFi0Nijto5lgnKemO+sHPUI2KfLS
-/weGNDwKsHDLI9Lz8feIdKWmw+5OX9dtuqaDCXb15Bo71VjpvqiAz2gTgpWz2nVD
-S+fz+2sNs9UHXht6afR3G1nrxaGE+8w+XCb1s7NNNo1A0lP5Hr3PuUvDqEApl1hI
-wpSUKJ0/5+PSo9syjfupu8MypbPAi8XjVkVVLftiWsA28d+2APm5
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/1001.pem

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4097 (0x1001)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 10:50:26 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 10:50:26 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=warrior
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:d8:5e:36:38:85:bb:f8:15:29:90:2a:03:47:26:
-                    36:ad:47:b8:80:c2:1c:b2:35:53:34:a3:c8:79:73:
-                    1a:7b:c5:06:f9:0e:fb:61:e9:16:81:81:4d:55:ac:
-                    25:7d:96:f4:a4:1a:46:d0:0a:af:48:65:b7:1e:9b:
-                    02:4a:4a:af:53:64:20:4f:af:d8:ab:f7:99:c2:b7:
-                    80:b2:80:24:00:7c:a7:43:f7:35:69:47:fc:bc:ce:
-                    fa:1a:8e:81:c3:2b:55:ea:57:c8:ec:76:3b:1b:58:
-                    e9:65:c1:66:97:c5:39:62:1f:c7:f2:64:b3:6a:31:
-                    41:a9:66:00:f5:48:3c:31:9b:70:a7:ca:f0:b8:28:
-                    d3:cf:fb:86:25:f0:93:17:ad:3f:c8:60:dd:a7:a1:
-                    be:b4:e8:fc:79:47:53:68:ed:eb:21:b5:f7:aa:f5:
-                    bf:22:45:d9:10:5a:db:be:41:c3:09:47:72:f4:6b:
-                    d6:21:65:77:43:79:89:0d:cd:72:58:14:e2:25:55:
-                    0b:17:e8:97:d4:d0:0e:9c:7d:9c:38:6e:52:50:cb:
-                    25:a5:00:fc:cb:69:bb:09:f0:3a:f1:8a:83:e7:7c:
-                    95:07:46:58:11:41:25:8d:5c:91:02:ec:d2:83:4c:
-                    98:d0:aa:ad:b0:fa:67:6c:22:79:87:de:5a:f5:01:
-                    8f:59
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                30:84:32:04:21:19:F0:A6:B7:C1:32:4C:1B:9F:7E:EF:EC:3C:D3:79
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        60:76:03:78:46:0e:db:33:a4:1a:13:67:11:66:b6:7e:bf:ba:
-        23:4e:01:9e:6b:28:dc:46:9c:5e:e8:a9:2a:72:d2:ae:c0:c7:
-        b7:68:6f:92:55:43:b7:cd:8f:6b:78:ad:86:d1:8a:bb:ba:7a:
-        a7:3b:fa:53:8f:1d:ec:75:0b:36:05:6b:14:91:c4:79:51:b2:
-        d0:2f:b9:17:0c:f1:6b:88:4d:24:6b:ae:15:36:2b:ac:4b:94:
-        67:04:f8:93:49:cc:c1:d7:ec:ae:a2:dc:32:c8:d1:f4:ee:4b:
-        0c:11:ad:4c:84:5d:96:97:31:d6:9f:c5:a7:79:b2:f1:b8:42:
-        5b:79:b8:12:d2:a3:56:a0:ae:3b:ba:7f:56:25:d4:ad:a7:fa:
-        39:52:e0:57:af:4f:d2:c6:3c:24:5d:d6:07:84:b0:a5:5f:d2:
-        3c:8b:36:2a:1f:24:55:cd:89:22:94:b7:f2:93:69:01:89:6e:
-        a4:67:2d:8b:d9:cd:af:29:70:09:83:69:e5:46:35:51:59:90:
-        71:c0:0a:8a:00:5c:55:c6:12:34:1a:b7:3d:a9:67:9c:0b:2f:
-        71:32:cb:87:92:b0:18:ff:fe:ec:f0:3e:cc:e3:1c:65:c8:24:
-        a9:bd:c9:8f:96:f7:19:af:95:a6:e0:e5:21:65:50:ad:69:da:
-        d3:09:27:84
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDIzCCAgugAwIBAgICEAEwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjEwNTAyNloXDTI3MDQyMjEw
-NTAyNlowEjEQMA4GA1UEAwwHd2FycmlvcjCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEP
-ADCCAQoCggEBANheNjiFu/gVKZAqA0cmNq1HuIDCHLI1UzSjyHlzGnvFBvkO+2Hp
-FoGBTVWsJX2W9KQaRtAKr0hltx6bAkpKr1NkIE+v2Kv3mcK3gLKAJAB8p0P3NWlH
-/LzO+hqOgcMrVepXyOx2OxtY6WXBZpfFOWIfx/Jks2oxQalmAPVIPDGbcKfK8Lgo
-08/7hiXwkxetP8hg3aehvrTo/HlHU2jt6yG196r1vyJF2RBa275BwwlHcvRr1iFl
-d0N5iQ3NclgU4iVVCxfol9TQDpx9nDhuUlDLJaUA/MtpuwnwOvGKg+d8lQdGWBFB
-JY1ckQLs0oNMmNCqrbD6Z2wieYfeWvUBj1kCAwEAAaNCMEAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFDCE
-MgQhGfCmt8EyTBuffu/sPNN5MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFKzNecyAF6qNFsyXsek2XgAq
-vVvVMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQBgdgN4Rg7bM6QaE2cRZrZ+v7ojTgGeayjc
-Rpxe6KkqctKuwMe3aG+SVUO3zY9reK2G0Yq7unqnO/pTjx3sdQs2BWsUkcR5UbLQ
-L7kXDPFriE0ka64VNiusS5RnBPiTSczB1+yuotwyyNH07ksMEa1MhF2WlzHWn8Wn
-ebLxuEJbebgS0qNWoK47un9WJdStp/o5UuBXr0/SxjwkXdYHhLClX9I8izYqHyRV
-zYkilLfyk2kBiW6kZy2L2c2vKXAJg2nlRjVRWZBxwAqKAFxVxhI0Grc9qWecCy9x
-MsuHkrAY//7s8D7M4xxlyCSpvcmPlvcZr5Wm4OUhZVCtadrTCSeE
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/1002.pem

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4098 (0x1002)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 12:33:59 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 12:33:59 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=apache
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:d0:88:fb:32:17:9b:9d:95:15:42:a5:b3:20:0e:
-                    27:1a:bd:aa:10:6a:59:9c:18:40:cb:81:80:70:33:
-                    1a:22:34:08:6f:94:0c:97:1c:68:d4:69:59:7e:50:
-                    65:c1:46:2a:fd:9d:4e:96:13:47:58:da:87:86:0e:
-                    ac:ad:ad:48:ad:d1:b1:6e:61:2b:de:04:c1:5f:cf:
-                    60:f5:a6:bd:3d:fd:b3:eb:a0:db:8f:9f:67:5b:91:
-                    76:aa:a5:87:9a:83:57:1a:84:3d:11:c2:b3:71:84:
-                    51:48:d3:38:8e:0e:f2:c5:96:55:b5:6e:86:4c:f0:
-                    22:9d:19:13:ae:23:21:ea:d5:fe:e4:1d:9c:fb:42:
-                    3a:84:81:43:03:2e:c5:bd:ed:0b:7e:48:50:83:e0:
-                    0b:15:87:bd:65:9b:0d:d0:7e:55:8d:02:e9:03:af:
-                    fe:7d:19:28:ef:46:6b:2c:02:04:33:05:2e:73:94:
-                    10:ae:54:25:d2:82:55:10:22:74:7b:44:7c:c6:d3:
-                    e5:35:5e:10:af:9e:67:49:0a:1f:fe:bb:00:60:26:
-                    a8:ee:4b:66:2f:7d:f4:76:24:3e:73:81:e4:79:53:
-                    3c:30:e6:25:00:80:fb:d2:0c:fa:e7:db:01:15:52:
-                    4e:c4:ec:9f:95:b4:1d:a0:e7:7a:a2:59:77:c0:24:
-                    13:a9
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                13:9F:64:BF:CB:5E:2F:7D:F8:0B:26:94:DB:17:9D:F4:59:CE:79:20
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        a4:24:8d:a2:b8:b4:da:5c:a6:e0:75:2a:e0:71:aa:03:35:e8:
-        b4:64:49:90:b9:f3:09:a6:c6:99:0c:64:04:5e:65:e6:09:72:
-        13:11:e8:4c:29:a4:99:c5:dd:67:ff:49:fb:5f:8a:b3:cf:3a:
-        e5:b7:1c:a0:8a:59:ca:10:a9:dd:26:c3:3d:25:c7:82:b8:0d:
-        db:91:fe:45:d1:3b:ac:80:1d:11:49:85:13:9b:c2:86:fd:17:
-        81:5d:e3:a4:d1:64:2d:27:0c:c9:77:08:2a:89:ed:7e:2e:ac:
-        d2:86:f5:d5:fd:de:a6:c4:5d:18:33:ec:78:a1:ca:cf:64:68:
-        cb:1a:25:1e:a3:cf:e5:28:0b:a2:f8:45:bd:b6:99:54:17:62:
-        09:f0:ab:ba:d2:38:dc:bc:7b:1d:b8:f2:51:e5:d3:0c:1d:8d:
-        a3:3e:57:c2:0d:ef:93:5d:39:9c:ee:50:f1:e3:f8:fb:ff:94:
-        88:2c:37:f7:39:47:97:2c:fc:71:27:88:21:b3:da:68:ac:f4:
-        c6:a0:77:00:25:37:67:ea:ee:d1:a8:44:01:f6:40:79:68:4a:
-        94:24:d8:1a:d9:07:7d:73:0b:8c:b0:80:dd:b4:a9:49:3f:33:
-        73:7e:4d:5a:b6:f0:51:94:46:b2:81:a3:cb:81:a2:d9:7f:dd:
-        32:60:ba:8c
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDIjCCAgqgAwIBAgICEAIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjEyMzM1OVoXDTI3MDQyMjEy
-MzM1OVowETEPMA0GA1UEAwwGYXBhY2hlMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8A
-MIIBCgKCAQEA0Ij7MhebnZUVQqWzIA4nGr2qEGpZnBhAy4GAcDMaIjQIb5QMlxxo
-1GlZflBlwUYq/Z1OlhNHWNqHhg6sra1IrdGxbmEr3gTBX89g9aa9Pf2z66Dbj59n
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-hIFDAy7Fve0LfkhQg+ALFYe9ZZsN0H5VjQLpA6/+fRko70ZrLAIEMwUuc5QQrlQl
-0oJVECJ0e0R8xtPlNV4Qr55nSQof/rsAYCao7ktmL330diQ+c4HkeVM8MOYlAID7
-0gz659sBFVJOxOyflbQdoOd6oll3wCQTqQIDAQABo0IwQDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUE59k
-v8teL334CyaU2xed9FnOeSAwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUrM15zIAXqo0WzJex6TZeACq9
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-xpkMZAReZeYJchMR6EwppJnF3Wf/SftfirPPOuW3HKCKWcoQqd0mwz0lx4K4DduR
-/kXRO6yAHRFJhRObwob9F4Fd46TRZC0nDMl3CCqJ7X4urNKG9dX93qbEXRgz7Hih
-ys9kaMsaJR6jz+UoC6L4Rb22mVQXYgnwq7rSONy8ex248lHl0wwdjaM+V8IN75Nd
-OZzuUPHj+Pv/lIgsN/c5R5cs/HEniCGz2mis9MagdwAlN2fq7tGoRAH2QHloSpQk
-2BrZB31zC4ywgN20qUk/M3N+TVq28FGURrKBo8uBotl/3TJguow=
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/1003.pem

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4099 (0x1003)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 14:14:59 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 14:14:59 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=apache.coimbra
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:d0:88:fb:32:17:9b:9d:95:15:42:a5:b3:20:0e:
-                    27:1a:bd:aa:10:6a:59:9c:18:40:cb:81:80:70:33:
-                    1a:22:34:08:6f:94:0c:97:1c:68:d4:69:59:7e:50:
-                    65:c1:46:2a:fd:9d:4e:96:13:47:58:da:87:86:0e:
-                    ac:ad:ad:48:ad:d1:b1:6e:61:2b:de:04:c1:5f:cf:
-                    60:f5:a6:bd:3d:fd:b3:eb:a0:db:8f:9f:67:5b:91:
-                    76:aa:a5:87:9a:83:57:1a:84:3d:11:c2:b3:71:84:
-                    51:48:d3:38:8e:0e:f2:c5:96:55:b5:6e:86:4c:f0:
-                    22:9d:19:13:ae:23:21:ea:d5:fe:e4:1d:9c:fb:42:
-                    3a:84:81:43:03:2e:c5:bd:ed:0b:7e:48:50:83:e0:
-                    0b:15:87:bd:65:9b:0d:d0:7e:55:8d:02:e9:03:af:
-                    fe:7d:19:28:ef:46:6b:2c:02:04:33:05:2e:73:94:
-                    10:ae:54:25:d2:82:55:10:22:74:7b:44:7c:c6:d3:
-                    e5:35:5e:10:af:9e:67:49:0a:1f:fe:bb:00:60:26:
-                    a8:ee:4b:66:2f:7d:f4:76:24:3e:73:81:e4:79:53:
-                    3c:30:e6:25:00:80:fb:d2:0c:fa:e7:db:01:15:52:
-                    4e:c4:ec:9f:95:b4:1d:a0:e7:7a:a2:59:77:c0:24:
-                    13:a9
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: 
-                IP Address:10.60.0.1, DNS:apache
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                13:9F:64:BF:CB:5E:2F:7D:F8:0B:26:94:DB:17:9D:F4:59:CE:79:20
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        9c:7e:99:3c:10:22:23:cd:d6:c7:96:be:82:5e:e5:7f:69:16:
-        5c:57:e1:68:e2:04:26:74:e9:72:ea:3b:03:5c:81:bd:21:15:
-        a3:e8:86:4d:93:6f:a4:d8:a1:47:de:e0:b5:a3:bb:aa:5b:24:
-        e9:9d:f7:9d:7d:e3:ba:38:39:af:c6:8b:36:5c:a8:3d:37:af:
-        79:be:8f:bf:ba:76:a5:d5:62:8e:37:c8:2e:6d:7e:24:fc:56:
-        d2:91:01:9e:05:4d:26:16:52:75:3d:28:7f:20:d0:88:25:96:
-        2a:d3:3a:8f:27:3d:99:46:4d:de:e2:a7:11:07:84:ff:ac:55:
-        54:4a:25:1b:b3:05:47:b5:d5:db:b9:69:e5:f6:d7:28:c9:54:
-        45:9c:a5:9a:86:74:37:33:7c:47:75:5a:dd:bf:50:23:be:95:
-        8e:cd:2c:ba:72:cc:41:95:1f:a0:67:78:61:de:38:89:18:c4:
-        0c:df:e0:be:f3:9d:3e:e7:72:9f:3c:a3:e0:06:9a:6c:28:d1:
-        e2:1d:d2:14:76:89:8a:d4:ca:e1:38:9c:b3:31:81:bb:ca:11:
-        ba:78:36:01:e5:db:bf:a0:82:36:d2:b4:65:01:60:bf:63:c2:
-        a8:86:54:cb:ac:59:52:31:bd:a2:cc:94:47:cc:0a:cc:d3:87:
-        db:7b:fa:1a
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDQzCCAiugAwIBAgICEAMwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjE0MTQ1OVoXDTI3MDQyMjE0
-MTQ1OVowGTEXMBUGA1UEAwwOYXBhY2hlLmNvaW1icmEwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEB
-AQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDQiPsyF5udlRVCpbMgDicavaoQalmcGEDLgYBwMxoi
-NAhvlAyXHGjUaVl+UGXBRir9nU6WE0dY2oeGDqytrUit0bFuYSveBMFfz2D1pr09
-/bProNuPn2dbkXaqpYeag1cahD0RwrNxhFFI0ziODvLFllW1boZM8CKdGROuIyHq
-1f7kHZz7QjqEgUMDLsW97Qt+SFCD4AsVh71lmw3QflWNAukDr/59GSjvRmssAgQz
-BS5zlBCuVCXSglUQInR7RHzG0+U1XhCvnmdJCh/+uwBgJqjuS2YvffR2JD5zgeR5
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-aeX21yjJVEWcpZqGdDczfEd1Wt2/UCO+lY7NLLpyzEGVH6BneGHeOIkYxAzf4L7z
-nT7ncp88o+AGmmwo0eId0hR2iYrUyuE4nLMxgbvKEbp4NgHl27+ggjbStGUBYL9j
-wqiGVMusWVIxvaLMlEfMCszTh9t7+ho=
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/apache.crt

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4099 (0x1003)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 14:14:59 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 14:14:59 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=apache.coimbra
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:d0:88:fb:32:17:9b:9d:95:15:42:a5:b3:20:0e:
-                    27:1a:bd:aa:10:6a:59:9c:18:40:cb:81:80:70:33:
-                    1a:22:34:08:6f:94:0c:97:1c:68:d4:69:59:7e:50:
-                    65:c1:46:2a:fd:9d:4e:96:13:47:58:da:87:86:0e:
-                    ac:ad:ad:48:ad:d1:b1:6e:61:2b:de:04:c1:5f:cf:
-                    60:f5:a6:bd:3d:fd:b3:eb:a0:db:8f:9f:67:5b:91:
-                    76:aa:a5:87:9a:83:57:1a:84:3d:11:c2:b3:71:84:
-                    51:48:d3:38:8e:0e:f2:c5:96:55:b5:6e:86:4c:f0:
-                    22:9d:19:13:ae:23:21:ea:d5:fe:e4:1d:9c:fb:42:
-                    3a:84:81:43:03:2e:c5:bd:ed:0b:7e:48:50:83:e0:
-                    0b:15:87:bd:65:9b:0d:d0:7e:55:8d:02:e9:03:af:
-                    fe:7d:19:28:ef:46:6b:2c:02:04:33:05:2e:73:94:
-                    10:ae:54:25:d2:82:55:10:22:74:7b:44:7c:c6:d3:
-                    e5:35:5e:10:af:9e:67:49:0a:1f:fe:bb:00:60:26:
-                    a8:ee:4b:66:2f:7d:f4:76:24:3e:73:81:e4:79:53:
-                    3c:30:e6:25:00:80:fb:d2:0c:fa:e7:db:01:15:52:
-                    4e:c4:ec:9f:95:b4:1d:a0:e7:7a:a2:59:77:c0:24:
-                    13:a9
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: 
-                IP Address:10.60.0.1, DNS:apache
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                13:9F:64:BF:CB:5E:2F:7D:F8:0B:26:94:DB:17:9D:F4:59:CE:79:20
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        9c:7e:99:3c:10:22:23:cd:d6:c7:96:be:82:5e:e5:7f:69:16:
-        5c:57:e1:68:e2:04:26:74:e9:72:ea:3b:03:5c:81:bd:21:15:
-        a3:e8:86:4d:93:6f:a4:d8:a1:47:de:e0:b5:a3:bb:aa:5b:24:
-        e9:9d:f7:9d:7d:e3:ba:38:39:af:c6:8b:36:5c:a8:3d:37:af:
-        79:be:8f:bf:ba:76:a5:d5:62:8e:37:c8:2e:6d:7e:24:fc:56:
-        d2:91:01:9e:05:4d:26:16:52:75:3d:28:7f:20:d0:88:25:96:
-        2a:d3:3a:8f:27:3d:99:46:4d:de:e2:a7:11:07:84:ff:ac:55:
-        54:4a:25:1b:b3:05:47:b5:d5:db:b9:69:e5:f6:d7:28:c9:54:
-        45:9c:a5:9a:86:74:37:33:7c:47:75:5a:dd:bf:50:23:be:95:
-        8e:cd:2c:ba:72:cc:41:95:1f:a0:67:78:61:de:38:89:18:c4:
-        0c:df:e0:be:f3:9d:3e:e7:72:9f:3c:a3:e0:06:9a:6c:28:d1:
-        e2:1d:d2:14:76:89:8a:d4:ca:e1:38:9c:b3:31:81:bb:ca:11:
-        ba:78:36:01:e5:db:bf:a0:82:36:d2:b4:65:01:60:bf:63:c2:
-        a8:86:54:cb:ac:59:52:31:bd:a2:cc:94:47:cc:0a:cc:d3:87:
-        db:7b:fa:1a
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDQzCCAiugAwIBAgICEAMwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjE0MTQ1OVoXDTI3MDQyMjE0
-MTQ1OVowGTEXMBUGA1UEAwwOYXBhY2hlLmNvaW1icmEwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEB
-AQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDQiPsyF5udlRVCpbMgDicavaoQalmcGEDLgYBwMxoi
-NAhvlAyXHGjUaVl+UGXBRir9nU6WE0dY2oeGDqytrUit0bFuYSveBMFfz2D1pr09
-/bProNuPn2dbkXaqpYeag1cahD0RwrNxhFFI0ziODvLFllW1boZM8CKdGROuIyHq
-1f7kHZz7QjqEgUMDLsW97Qt+SFCD4AsVh71lmw3QflWNAukDr/59GSjvRmssAgQz
-BS5zlBCuVCXSglUQInR7RHzG0+U1XhCvnmdJCh/+uwBgJqjuS2YvffR2JD5zgeR5
-Uzww5iUAgPvSDPrn2wEVUk7E7J+VtB2g53qiWXfAJBOpAgMBAAGjWzBZMBcGA1Ud
-EQQQMA6HBAo8AAGCBmFwYWNoZTAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUE59kv8teL334CyaU2xed9FnO
-eSAwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUrM15zIAXqo0WzJex6TZeACq9W9UwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
-BQADggEBAJx+mTwQIiPN1seWvoJe5X9pFlxX4WjiBCZ06XLqOwNcgb0hFaPohk2T
-b6TYoUfe4LWju6pbJOmd951947o4Oa/GizZcqD03r3m+j7+6dqXVYo43yC5tfiT8
-VtKRAZ4FTSYWUnU9KH8g0IgllirTOo8nPZlGTd7ipxEHhP+sVVRKJRuzBUe11du5
-aeX21yjJVEWcpZqGdDczfEd1Wt2/UCO+lY7NLLpyzEGVH6BneGHeOIkYxAzf4L7z
-nT7ncp88o+AGmmwo0eId0hR2iYrUyuE4nLMxgbvKEbp4NgHl27+ggjbStGUBYL9j
-wqiGVMusWVIxvaLMlEfMCszTh9t7+ho=
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/apache.crt.old

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4098 (0x1002)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 12:33:59 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 12:33:59 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=apache
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:d0:88:fb:32:17:9b:9d:95:15:42:a5:b3:20:0e:
-                    27:1a:bd:aa:10:6a:59:9c:18:40:cb:81:80:70:33:
-                    1a:22:34:08:6f:94:0c:97:1c:68:d4:69:59:7e:50:
-                    65:c1:46:2a:fd:9d:4e:96:13:47:58:da:87:86:0e:
-                    ac:ad:ad:48:ad:d1:b1:6e:61:2b:de:04:c1:5f:cf:
-                    60:f5:a6:bd:3d:fd:b3:eb:a0:db:8f:9f:67:5b:91:
-                    76:aa:a5:87:9a:83:57:1a:84:3d:11:c2:b3:71:84:
-                    51:48:d3:38:8e:0e:f2:c5:96:55:b5:6e:86:4c:f0:
-                    22:9d:19:13:ae:23:21:ea:d5:fe:e4:1d:9c:fb:42:
-                    3a:84:81:43:03:2e:c5:bd:ed:0b:7e:48:50:83:e0:
-                    0b:15:87:bd:65:9b:0d:d0:7e:55:8d:02:e9:03:af:
-                    fe:7d:19:28:ef:46:6b:2c:02:04:33:05:2e:73:94:
-                    10:ae:54:25:d2:82:55:10:22:74:7b:44:7c:c6:d3:
-                    e5:35:5e:10:af:9e:67:49:0a:1f:fe:bb:00:60:26:
-                    a8:ee:4b:66:2f:7d:f4:76:24:3e:73:81:e4:79:53:
-                    3c:30:e6:25:00:80:fb:d2:0c:fa:e7:db:01:15:52:
-                    4e:c4:ec:9f:95:b4:1d:a0:e7:7a:a2:59:77:c0:24:
-                    13:a9
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                13:9F:64:BF:CB:5E:2F:7D:F8:0B:26:94:DB:17:9D:F4:59:CE:79:20
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        a4:24:8d:a2:b8:b4:da:5c:a6:e0:75:2a:e0:71:aa:03:35:e8:
-        b4:64:49:90:b9:f3:09:a6:c6:99:0c:64:04:5e:65:e6:09:72:
-        13:11:e8:4c:29:a4:99:c5:dd:67:ff:49:fb:5f:8a:b3:cf:3a:
-        e5:b7:1c:a0:8a:59:ca:10:a9:dd:26:c3:3d:25:c7:82:b8:0d:
-        db:91:fe:45:d1:3b:ac:80:1d:11:49:85:13:9b:c2:86:fd:17:
-        81:5d:e3:a4:d1:64:2d:27:0c:c9:77:08:2a:89:ed:7e:2e:ac:
-        d2:86:f5:d5:fd:de:a6:c4:5d:18:33:ec:78:a1:ca:cf:64:68:
-        cb:1a:25:1e:a3:cf:e5:28:0b:a2:f8:45:bd:b6:99:54:17:62:
-        09:f0:ab:ba:d2:38:dc:bc:7b:1d:b8:f2:51:e5:d3:0c:1d:8d:
-        a3:3e:57:c2:0d:ef:93:5d:39:9c:ee:50:f1:e3:f8:fb:ff:94:
-        88:2c:37:f7:39:47:97:2c:fc:71:27:88:21:b3:da:68:ac:f4:
-        c6:a0:77:00:25:37:67:ea:ee:d1:a8:44:01:f6:40:79:68:4a:
-        94:24:d8:1a:d9:07:7d:73:0b:8c:b0:80:dd:b4:a9:49:3f:33:
-        73:7e:4d:5a:b6:f0:51:94:46:b2:81:a3:cb:81:a2:d9:7f:dd:
-        32:60:ba:8c
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDIjCCAgqgAwIBAgICEAIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjEyMzM1OVoXDTI3MDQyMjEy
-MzM1OVowETEPMA0GA1UEAwwGYXBhY2hlMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8A
-MIIBCgKCAQEA0Ij7MhebnZUVQqWzIA4nGr2qEGpZnBhAy4GAcDMaIjQIb5QMlxxo
-1GlZflBlwUYq/Z1OlhNHWNqHhg6sra1IrdGxbmEr3gTBX89g9aa9Pf2z66Dbj59n
-W5F2qqWHmoNXGoQ9EcKzcYRRSNM4jg7yxZZVtW6GTPAinRkTriMh6tX+5B2c+0I6
-hIFDAy7Fve0LfkhQg+ALFYe9ZZsN0H5VjQLpA6/+fRko70ZrLAIEMwUuc5QQrlQl
-0oJVECJ0e0R8xtPlNV4Qr55nSQof/rsAYCao7ktmL330diQ+c4HkeVM8MOYlAID7
-0gz659sBFVJOxOyflbQdoOd6oll3wCQTqQIDAQABo0IwQDAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUE59k
-v8teL334CyaU2xed9FnOeSAwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUrM15zIAXqo0WzJex6TZeACq9
-W9UwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBAKQkjaK4tNpcpuB1KuBxqgM16LRkSZC58wmm
-xpkMZAReZeYJchMR6EwppJnF3Wf/SftfirPPOuW3HKCKWcoQqd0mwz0lx4K4DduR
-/kXRO6yAHRFJhRObwob9F4Fd46TRZC0nDMl3CCqJ7X4urNKG9dX93qbEXRgz7Hih
-ys9kaMsaJR6jz+UoC6L4Rb22mVQXYgnwq7rSONy8ex248lHl0wwdjaM+V8IN75Nd
-OZzuUPHj+Pv/lIgsN/c5R5cs/HEniCGz2mis9MagdwAlN2fq7tGoRAH2QHloSpQk
-2BrZB31zC4ywgN20qUk/M3N+TVq28FGURrKBo8uBotl/3TJguow=
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/apache.csr

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
-MIICxjCCAa4CAQAwVzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQxEDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAO
-BgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVDMRcwFQYDVQQDDA5hcGFjaGUuY29p
-bWJyYTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBANCI+zIXm52VFUKl
-syAOJxq9qhBqWZwYQMuBgHAzGiI0CG+UDJccaNRpWX5QZcFGKv2dTpYTR1jah4YO
-rK2tSK3RsW5hK94EwV/PYPWmvT39s+ug24+fZ1uRdqqlh5qDVxqEPRHCs3GEUUjT
-OI4O8sWWVbVuhkzwIp0ZE64jIerV/uQdnPtCOoSBQwMuxb3tC35IUIPgCxWHvWWb
-DdB+VY0C6QOv/n0ZKO9GaywCBDMFLnOUEK5UJdKCVRAidHtEfMbT5TVeEK+eZ0kK
-H/67AGAmqO5LZi999HYkPnOB5HlTPDDmJQCA+9IM+ufbARVSTsTsn5W0HaDneqJZ
-d8AkE6kCAwEAAaAqMCgGCSqGSIb3DQEJDjEbMBkwFwYDVR0RBBAwDocECjwAAYIG
-YXBhY2hlMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQBzs+QEnIvT5ArumDP7/7TeEcOeTmfh
-GkLMHKn2+lRH055KE+sv2k2l+PW4zrPLdEWw82CW7zy4ilpXjzywGIXZY0dCAWWH
-wc/mRqbE6b4gdatU+LEqkcUiiCKkAh+stG1QOYB4yhISR0N/KWC4GIBsNIen8jjO
-+qQunBa/wb7XRvHWCl4ihLMSA4PjijkxPOAjnGe6swPCo8gl39477bdAYL2Qrrr2
-FxkZRZMZG1cSX2lV8DhBV4/AZAzZMGFHc4GOzcyzPNJ3PWFotv+jNQ1DxbTFmOYI
-m6A0coUdCw87lYuWlH8J3s0CUUb7Swd1dKrTjk7UDOTG1VK7q7xYaMkJ
------END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

assignment2/ca/apache.key

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIIEvAIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKYwggSiAgEAAoIBAQDQiPsyF5udlRVC
-pbMgDicavaoQalmcGEDLgYBwMxoiNAhvlAyXHGjUaVl+UGXBRir9nU6WE0dY2oeG
-DqytrUit0bFuYSveBMFfz2D1pr09/bProNuPn2dbkXaqpYeag1cahD0RwrNxhFFI
-0ziODvLFllW1boZM8CKdGROuIyHq1f7kHZz7QjqEgUMDLsW97Qt+SFCD4AsVh71l
-mw3QflWNAukDr/59GSjvRmssAgQzBS5zlBCuVCXSglUQInR7RHzG0+U1XhCvnmdJ
-Ch/+uwBgJqjuS2YvffR2JD5zgeR5Uzww5iUAgPvSDPrn2wEVUk7E7J+VtB2g53qi
-WXfAJBOpAgMBAAECggEAC8SDGlVLNoYEbF2h4U/zJHbp+yGpO14CAAnnh81WbvIt
-PLCn0jor7zqfrnlWeKTfRa8EEYN2ffzc83NuCqHx7T8dSluI6G8vw1qWP96AJNil
-d8k8wprN8BSiE+ih4ZYCSxCFyrQIQMJk/N1QfnG5AO3mGcYqJXrSlTdmTSgV4KTH
-HMhcbE3oBi5sixfYuhz7JmoN2MtvUH7T1XQ93IK/EDANCHeOYfVDlQMv+VKqUsEA
-4tB1j2Mk+MENIbxg2vswsDzi4X3geU9kDkZ+V/ahzQSKnoUJtC81QftGst7gia7i
-Kl51DWvw3SXclDn//5ZSaWd6T0a0Gc8f73yC0vzKIQKBgQD9TVBrSTZTvJcJhhMQ
-Tk7Epe96nWPw3PwKPntAaCcWaNi+AXOWw5oKX1Okilrsbxz5P6yH/jTvFZF33zpT
-nhS30ew41GTSL0j3gCWK25I0SJOeth2dycyjd/yljotOGOz667vTGHleso7NYthD
-s+iU6ceb7EuU9T0JjhHDsrVK8QKBgQDSwZmOwMAq0evNFgKB0QiipABIWhm7As1n
-O0M439zA2bVo8Z3UAQb7YOBG/EoH+I/1HakJBM0BVyGRzkg4Krq0Dd8iL4gESj8E
-niCtIC874AjhemVjHDPNwI/m93Czg8tqfd3r82rOa5HJWW4WYGeHPTjvd0puS8/6
-SWTyBgSkOQKBgANxmKVMwoNS7g7AFuRC3ElKJD5bg29T4c1V2iEfCWEBnei/Zk3n
-bOG1OBLlmqTaQd+VoQfcSeXyOh8SFt3qKUfyf66qHJDK+cf7owcHQy6YygD/Ytmx
-U6npSLMLhBNUvWwP5mbRT10dOlnKfTw2ZvQXVZJmHQTybJkDqHQrqtFRAoGAA1t6
-Kr//T69QZk/3ckH2NUEPkBd/WW9N/lr/UySdy6SsMyPGM95gUhjU+cyDEWVwRaNX
-UgF1kpPkwQHcPKjRmJSv/Udsj0TvhA9QzfE5T2bePVlJzC5i1OBAapl+fh2XW/bt
-Vhjmlqs4A1EdY9XdUFY1Vfs8gE1M3tvUc9aMtGECgYA3ebYLBwDB48gbYfnv8o3P
-rY2hBfBsvfSKeYT/NPxG/XR035h9BnBcNG2L7U7GKmbxdULYZ2nEOSjqTxTvlHUO
-ncGr7M00D9hpzTX+Yfr3em+lGsZxVfU7sKq1fWF/BdF7gCf8cdHk66gR19kYhi38
-cEB0Z02sLDDP2AYOawrliA==
------END PRIVATE KEY-----

assignment2/ca/ca.crt

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDhzCCAm+gAwIBAgIUHeUZwwOlaXM3yPbokh5CjXEFw/YwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEL
-BQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQxEDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0Nv
-aW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVDMRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQy
-MjEwNDgwMloXDTI3MDQyMjEwNDgwMlowUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQxEDAOBgNVBAgM
-B0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVDMRMwEQYDVQQD
-DApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAs1ft
-wTq/HG1SavpgkRSP/ZO3hvW8lCR8e8ica/w7ogJwMoTAHz0axMpY9MQ6SmXXvXEh
-/DY0wwM60jJ8f332fk3otcWzHznEK+EC2xrZSvnikWYSWcaDe6PzPtu0w9//y/Cl
-Jt8ocvC1qyN20skhCP8nuTCW7o0nO+glPEHAl1fSuHuA/0tXbpROsxpi3cqzWypB
-ufnDyIg4vxKbhQdtJn0UMvA2g92gTpxl9Dvt4L68L2e/Oz5B2l+USEIHxfkS+N1v
-p8O22H+KV4+4Le76RJ/DOzV+pAieY4/bWIFQ5CsB6SvcHwP0CxOa1KOeHZbdyyDe
-TBCmDTR3K4ZBy/ii2wIDAQABo1MwUTAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUrM15zIAXqo0WzJex6TZe
-ACq9W9UwHwYDVR0jBBgwFoAUrM15zIAXqo0WzJex6TZeACq9W9UwDwYDVR0TAQH/
-BAUwAwEB/zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAQEAlkndsM3ikWZibO3l5UBBVSQjgjdf
-8CdE3UyrzuTOTFGWW8ALD1PTMjZ/uFR6mX5pn3Afd6CcRvm/SP/ybh4q+7oBlJCT
-hjJo/r8NAsaN1TubFSaLsQTzilZDCK6Go+WvcNgar0pwgMunqphBycuLOkT3cxli
-ubGzplv33gA6EPwZ7LaSfMRf/mVeLutUyP0SKyos3/Je1lAz8Wel245JPJ2mI8fT
-HopjnVWScOPedFKt/nh//RVTjZDvPGH5Lvglg9ko+Lc62JF/5XIqIS25TwcUskXK
-KfotGiwJM1VHyi49PWEC1Asu7C9ljMbHy/UsISPGxUOq/oy3OQoj7DXEng==
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/ca.key

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIIEvQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKcwggSjAgEAAoIBAQCzV+3BOr8cbVJq
-+mCRFI/9k7eG9byUJHx7yJxr/DuiAnAyhMAfPRrEylj0xDpKZde9cSH8NjTDAzrS
-Mnx/ffZ+Tei1xbMfOcQr4QLbGtlK+eKRZhJZxoN7o/M+27TD3//L8KUm3yhy8LWr
-I3bSySEI/ye5MJbujSc76CU8QcCXV9K4e4D/S1dulE6zGmLdyrNbKkG5+cPIiDi/
-EpuFB20mfRQy8DaD3aBOnGX0O+3gvrwvZ787PkHaX5RIQgfF+RL43W+nw7bYf4pX
-j7gt7vpEn8M7NX6kCJ5jj9tYgVDkKwHpK9wfA/QLE5rUo54dlt3LIN5MEKYNNHcr
-hkHL+KLbAgMBAAECggEAPpkTUJ3LtQVnfhWUfS87LxxPM9k0EFVH6gDUsFBjFCJb
-vRZe5Mh0PnoOYKjZW7x+eA4z+Y+GDQdkkZezouB5mA5jiobOBbkpAtPQJmARtjzQ
-W0XQY+uJWy+XqLoRN0lJRIrjalT8Dlp8XpbLU7mGQVimKdqO5Ab6ycs2q/ibW3dj
-am9L/AaV8YW99xWeRVi8OKn1Oyhpaplnb7IDdeDx8/nCSplVx1EggsV7XPStfL2R
-us8/sE525OCo7mriXBLph62r7C1oFxxeASIjpPD5+gh09CCoMcodETlCBKPia7Q4
-ha/nnsjXRPZIq4b2y4BYzlCVnCldwKzr+QW+s0EZKQKBgQDZRV2kR4k9ytF1kG85
-DCW8ogk03BZ2x9Wk6sEU3lUtR3YfyHe3zFrZ2lDynknVAxXABPQ8XG8i24O0ZQ/h
-oiRu9LtUIf+rYVrZke8DiPEuGUdTMLeLMBUhWtSpG5kNrpr/hdt/lXnnszTd5Xon
-YGpa2qQAB2eki+uxnJMbAHopRQKBgQDTT9V2FEUa+GG5mbQXClbXqbd7+8LoKH7l
-VYzQxaWSWgW1o9/0NOBY5Jw6PoWdhbf0IzA2bYeKIChp6IwhEh9+A+Vdp0Hupz/Z
-tDlHThWXUBqYTPM1mXX1KyEoNjGQiMMpeuOc0sUJZvMfFWrzkn0kG8VsB9u8n1ND
-CQ+O3MaNnwKBgEQJ5+ApEr5KBDvnphzcQ/kFWRK3lUVPIQVLCnnpggzy4vfjBDKH
-iS/NoSnJDd/p3mbKZl18qMTmryDPwSBscTJZ60vWdcUKcLPPcmTN/pDsE5zmlaO9
-w/A1DIGEhfJ16k34chtLCOjZAsY2NYGdPNEExPTJXNh3hLCTErIS/S5tAoGAITum
-A6sObz5vCCSPOSxsGgDcFYizz5VG18SLn+3lq02zJiz+tMZ4HiLeGx7oHq0AEEpU
-c8roDSYflQB4wV67SzNLqF38tY7iMNfyRi+Wn7R+akN34I8hCQzeaxeS1ftcTjLA
-h1JyoJbrV5Ejv+ji+4HOm73kphacnqdXJg28wFsCgYEAs4VbAruXv3thxJ8a7Y4n
-8FRwdDV2nJRGYRR6WdE8qCLFi5rhoI2/sqblp2i/j8e419YWzj+pRqDMCWlePg+i
-7Ne5swH3UQXb+3sS/q0BUnYuJDnpmae/qJ4gDU1NvHZnrqz047hfvHw9gAcCh4a2
-IZGzyqYAUSqhzm9epjEZ9+w=
------END PRIVATE KEY-----

assignment2/ca/cheese.cfg

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-[ ca ]
-default_ca = CA_default
-[ CA_default ]
-default_days = 365
-database = index.txt
-serial = serial
-copy_extensions = copy
-new_certs_dir = .
-default_md = sha256
-policy = policy_any
-[ policy_any ]
-commonName = supplied

assignment2/ca/create_all_keys.sh

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-cert_ca="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=CoimbraVPN"
-cert_vpn="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=gateway"
-cert_user="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=warrior"
-cert_apache="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=apache.coimbra"
-
-[[ -e "serial" ]]       || echo 1000 > serial
-[[ -e "index.txt" ]]    || touch index.txt
-[[ -e "ca.key" ]]       || openssl genrsa -out "ca.key" 2048
-[[ -e "ca.crt" ]]       || openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -key "ca.key" -out "ca.crt" -subj "$cert_ca"
-[[ -e "vpn.key" ]]      || openssl genrsa -out "vpn.key" 2048
-[[ -e "vpn.csr" ]]      || openssl req -new -key "vpn.key" -out "vpn.csr" -subj "$cert_vpn"
-[[ -e "vpn.crt" ]] 	    || openssl ca -batch -in "vpn.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "vpn.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-[[ -e "dh2048.pem" ]]   || openssl dhparam -out "dh2048.pem" 2048
-[[ -e "ta.key" ]]       || openvpn --genkey secret "ta.key"
-[[ -e "user.key" ]]     || openssl genrsa -out user.key
-[[ -e "user.csr" ]]     || openssl req -new -key user.key -out user.csr -subj "$cert_user"
-[[ -e "user.crt" ]] 	|| openssl ca -batch -in "user.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "user.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-[[ -e "apache.key" ]]   || openssl genrsa -out apache.key
-[[ -e "apache.csr" ]]   || openssl req -new -key apache.key -out apache.csr -subj "$cert_apache" -addext "subjectAltName = IP:10.60.0.1,DNS:apache"
-[[ -e "apache.crt" ]] 	|| openssl ca -batch -in "apache.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "apache.crt" -config cheese.cfg

assignment2/ca/dh2048.pem

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN DH PARAMETERS-----
-MIIBDAKCAQEAvqMnND0GPZb1287Irc8grekth4JCb5Mfz4iig9GR0AJNzIj+/hf6
-Cnz3+5F6OD7XDyY7Prgq/dZ6KhZAnKOSQ4r6rDbgcVqPoU5g8ykKuhI3daAOr/Ut
-EauKJN4kcTDARvdk9gebWNIDRrbuV0wv7QDsO3TIznn24MTnYUm3ReExv58fmqX6
-Ttr74clxnUC660HX084sxhxAA9Mfewy+8KCxy1MF2MttZP6DY3IWEVokfK2W/ZlE
-UsFIMNlblKK/JBn7Y/6/FZN/V8zwxFCQBhuvOvaNbtraejkeUnl7VdqQ6T4Rmvid
-0jN5ddbuyyu+pm7WPU94ilLyPQECexnx7wIBAgICAOE=
------END DH PARAMETERS-----

assignment2/ca/index.txt

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-V	270422105026Z		1000	unknown	/CN=gateway
-V	270422105026Z		1001	unknown	/CN=warrior
-V	270422123359Z		1002	unknown	/CN=apache
-V	270422141459Z		1003	unknown	/CN=apache.coimbra

assignment2/ca/index.txt.attr

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-unique_subject = yes

assignment2/ca/index.txt.attr.old

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-unique_subject = yes

assignment2/ca/index.txt.old

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-V	270422105026Z		1000	unknown	/CN=gateway
-V	270422105026Z		1001	unknown	/CN=warrior
-V	270422123359Z		1002	unknown	/CN=apache

assignment2/ca/revoke_user.sh

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-openssl ca -revoke user.crt -config cheese.cfg -keyfile ca.key -cert ca.crt

assignment2/ca/serial

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-1004

assignment2/ca/serial.old

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-1003

assignment2/ca/ta.key

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#
-# 2048 bit OpenVPN static key
-#
------BEGIN OpenVPN Static key V1-----
-8ab6c529070f93ad262f6ba5ec506c5e
-3e89f24851df40259a2e5fce5b98117c
-4ccba0c1c5a045d802ee4638c1f047fb
-f2537cb038f1faf976e1cf05ad2c5cc2
-23be82d9bdd89180ff235bc995116c83
-f08bc102313dd043fa3dcb924665fc36
-408fd7bc620c6939e0a42f90e37a9ea7
-078e323acbe6b844405b929fecbcc539
-e5022c1e9a2b76503b63d35aeeb70cb4
-cf260ac014c5914b30ee0020a737bcc5
-d08a810e512769245993d9075572f1c0
-4971992ba8782b2b7e6189b03c8e1448
-842e42983c9af8c32d007237e9b597db
-2c6cf399d16f153136307605297e3bbb
-cb1b9b1cc9c4cb2f2684ad5d50dd0448
-3480fb0a4cc3af1553e5b40645eae3f0
------END OpenVPN Static key V1-----

assignment2/ca/user.crt

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4097 (0x1001)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 10:50:26 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 10:50:26 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=warrior
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:d8:5e:36:38:85:bb:f8:15:29:90:2a:03:47:26:
-                    36:ad:47:b8:80:c2:1c:b2:35:53:34:a3:c8:79:73:
-                    1a:7b:c5:06:f9:0e:fb:61:e9:16:81:81:4d:55:ac:
-                    25:7d:96:f4:a4:1a:46:d0:0a:af:48:65:b7:1e:9b:
-                    02:4a:4a:af:53:64:20:4f:af:d8:ab:f7:99:c2:b7:
-                    80:b2:80:24:00:7c:a7:43:f7:35:69:47:fc:bc:ce:
-                    fa:1a:8e:81:c3:2b:55:ea:57:c8:ec:76:3b:1b:58:
-                    e9:65:c1:66:97:c5:39:62:1f:c7:f2:64:b3:6a:31:
-                    41:a9:66:00:f5:48:3c:31:9b:70:a7:ca:f0:b8:28:
-                    d3:cf:fb:86:25:f0:93:17:ad:3f:c8:60:dd:a7:a1:
-                    be:b4:e8:fc:79:47:53:68:ed:eb:21:b5:f7:aa:f5:
-                    bf:22:45:d9:10:5a:db:be:41:c3:09:47:72:f4:6b:
-                    d6:21:65:77:43:79:89:0d:cd:72:58:14:e2:25:55:
-                    0b:17:e8:97:d4:d0:0e:9c:7d:9c:38:6e:52:50:cb:
-                    25:a5:00:fc:cb:69:bb:09:f0:3a:f1:8a:83:e7:7c:
-                    95:07:46:58:11:41:25:8d:5c:91:02:ec:d2:83:4c:
-                    98:d0:aa:ad:b0:fa:67:6c:22:79:87:de:5a:f5:01:
-                    8f:59
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                30:84:32:04:21:19:F0:A6:B7:C1:32:4C:1B:9F:7E:EF:EC:3C:D3:79
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        60:76:03:78:46:0e:db:33:a4:1a:13:67:11:66:b6:7e:bf:ba:
-        23:4e:01:9e:6b:28:dc:46:9c:5e:e8:a9:2a:72:d2:ae:c0:c7:
-        b7:68:6f:92:55:43:b7:cd:8f:6b:78:ad:86:d1:8a:bb:ba:7a:
-        a7:3b:fa:53:8f:1d:ec:75:0b:36:05:6b:14:91:c4:79:51:b2:
-        d0:2f:b9:17:0c:f1:6b:88:4d:24:6b:ae:15:36:2b:ac:4b:94:
-        67:04:f8:93:49:cc:c1:d7:ec:ae:a2:dc:32:c8:d1:f4:ee:4b:
-        0c:11:ad:4c:84:5d:96:97:31:d6:9f:c5:a7:79:b2:f1:b8:42:
-        5b:79:b8:12:d2:a3:56:a0:ae:3b:ba:7f:56:25:d4:ad:a7:fa:
-        39:52:e0:57:af:4f:d2:c6:3c:24:5d:d6:07:84:b0:a5:5f:d2:
-        3c:8b:36:2a:1f:24:55:cd:89:22:94:b7:f2:93:69:01:89:6e:
-        a4:67:2d:8b:d9:cd:af:29:70:09:83:69:e5:46:35:51:59:90:
-        71:c0:0a:8a:00:5c:55:c6:12:34:1a:b7:3d:a9:67:9c:0b:2f:
-        71:32:cb:87:92:b0:18:ff:fe:ec:f0:3e:cc:e3:1c:65:c8:24:
-        a9:bd:c9:8f:96:f7:19:af:95:a6:e0:e5:21:65:50:ad:69:da:
-        d3:09:27:84
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDIzCCAgugAwIBAgICEAEwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjEwNTAyNloXDTI3MDQyMjEw
-NTAyNlowEjEQMA4GA1UEAwwHd2FycmlvcjCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEP
-ADCCAQoCggEBANheNjiFu/gVKZAqA0cmNq1HuIDCHLI1UzSjyHlzGnvFBvkO+2Hp
-FoGBTVWsJX2W9KQaRtAKr0hltx6bAkpKr1NkIE+v2Kv3mcK3gLKAJAB8p0P3NWlH
-/LzO+hqOgcMrVepXyOx2OxtY6WXBZpfFOWIfx/Jks2oxQalmAPVIPDGbcKfK8Lgo
-08/7hiXwkxetP8hg3aehvrTo/HlHU2jt6yG196r1vyJF2RBa275BwwlHcvRr1iFl
-d0N5iQ3NclgU4iVVCxfol9TQDpx9nDhuUlDLJaUA/MtpuwnwOvGKg+d8lQdGWBFB
-JY1ckQLs0oNMmNCqrbD6Z2wieYfeWvUBj1kCAwEAAaNCMEAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFDCE
-MgQhGfCmt8EyTBuffu/sPNN5MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFKzNecyAF6qNFsyXsek2XgAq
-vVvVMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQBgdgN4Rg7bM6QaE2cRZrZ+v7ojTgGeayjc
-Rpxe6KkqctKuwMe3aG+SVUO3zY9reK2G0Yq7unqnO/pTjx3sdQs2BWsUkcR5UbLQ
-L7kXDPFriE0ka64VNiusS5RnBPiTSczB1+yuotwyyNH07ksMEa1MhF2WlzHWn8Wn
-ebLxuEJbebgS0qNWoK47un9WJdStp/o5UuBXr0/SxjwkXdYHhLClX9I8izYqHyRV
-zYkilLfyk2kBiW6kZy2L2c2vKXAJg2nlRjVRWZBxwAqKAFxVxhI0Grc9qWecCy9x
-MsuHkrAY//7s8D7M4xxlyCSpvcmPlvcZr5Wm4OUhZVCtadrTCSeE
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/user.csr

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
-MIIClTCCAX0CAQAwUDELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQxEDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAO
-BgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVDMRAwDgYDVQQDDAd3YXJyaW9yMIIB
-IjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA2F42OIW7+BUpkCoDRyY2rUe4
-gMIcsjVTNKPIeXMae8UG+Q77YekWgYFNVawlfZb0pBpG0AqvSGW3HpsCSkqvU2Qg
-T6/Yq/eZwreAsoAkAHynQ/c1aUf8vM76Go6BwytV6lfI7HY7G1jpZcFml8U5Yh/H
-8mSzajFBqWYA9Ug8MZtwp8rwuCjTz/uGJfCTF60/yGDdp6G+tOj8eUdTaO3rIbX3
-qvW/IkXZEFrbvkHDCUdy9GvWIWV3Q3mJDc1yWBTiJVULF+iX1NAOnH2cOG5SUMsl
-pQD8y2m7CfA68YqD53yVB0ZYEUEljVyRAuzSg0yY0KqtsPpnbCJ5h95a9QGPWQID
-AQABoAAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBAKBuw6o5zucZ3cULpuQBZiBtvodrV1ht
-V7NCqQe5UoFP0wywUCQyB1A4rAT+Of3yJxKLYiBrq8u9/ra6zGfXTOxZSSpm+1cN
-iZMVb3c57Hir3cS3sG/tLi147168GpBxiV87WLgBozw2ki0x9fApx5crLZY9/FlM
-qCwTF8g/Pu6c/gXf+y/aGzcElx0tTpR5FvJopFJ/PNNJSmJZ22Mtbynvztnk8xB6
-vzX3+0lp9eNv7X1IwcaDk45B1Fv+7OiyVZ57hOrsUsr4whmb7jctpEm5UzL4cHuE
-nMjY5Eqe9Gsct5g7PO+LVH8CF1joBLShgqOIH+1k797iS5maYWHdYW0=
------END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

assignment2/ca/user.key

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIIEvgIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKgwggSkAgEAAoIBAQDYXjY4hbv4FSmQ
-KgNHJjatR7iAwhyyNVM0o8h5cxp7xQb5Dvth6RaBgU1VrCV9lvSkGkbQCq9IZbce
-mwJKSq9TZCBPr9ir95nCt4CygCQAfKdD9zVpR/y8zvoajoHDK1XqV8jsdjsbWOll
-wWaXxTliH8fyZLNqMUGpZgD1SDwxm3CnyvC4KNPP+4Yl8JMXrT/IYN2nob606Px5
-R1No7eshtfeq9b8iRdkQWtu+QcMJR3L0a9YhZXdDeYkNzXJYFOIlVQsX6JfU0A6c
-fZw4blJQyyWlAPzLabsJ8DrxioPnfJUHRlgRQSWNXJEC7NKDTJjQqq2w+mdsInmH
-3lr1AY9ZAgMBAAECggEAaYNcDqlM9pifWbHbQl2kyVDR7Vx78P3nMyLx1yQmFJiL
-I3bGaUNpWcNMCsz1xW6Ro9s6kCa9vuD3cYHnFoKgSFrqFOIsmAQZZCbnqGSr6d7g
-FNlfnxVfb1XCCqRXLG2cKrkffwzTGy17OEedt8KSjsLv10l7YvxdSHY5XmQZEpkU
-l9O6olSvhaPQxx3RynR0rTdyESZMLMj2SqHpSlHg6TVvTjRH5EspMTpJiU/cNiqv
-b57OH02gh1huS0DKV3aPvR8+6jlP0Ec0djcwXatQxzesFjHutVR1f5RBh36O6zJ0
-9Nx2wxppFPsFVB5olJWzIkMH2MalYyIK5+0Lpl3PDwKBgQD04wRGe+EZrCcfLJy+
-wpsBqoUeclhDtfz1aMlmhCurWdIQKiEn1lYVMopxn+FvZy3pyE9ymn7aSsmb6PT4
-f1j3rOjYcWKceyUCdEsYDRq8ciW7bhKVwXd+763CI485x63ZkKcKe2b7v1GIhkII
-7Kp/Nwh5tXxCp6ta+0hJO9nEqwKBgQDiL+CDlgkEVM0MsjuSS2arHwfolXEaoApy
-CwX6abCOkV3RiMmuMGKidQJ3v0K+vI3WlG/fW9s6ZRe9mSj/Qu3hq3el5ozzSpW9
-FOI41cTOHdvKDpN21Cgk9gMBt0Slp2+qrv+OT4zCheQV29mGZ0dudr5/fMzrAxnk
-nbhkXlpUCwKBgQC5mgHYhfVypraz+vUF46rl1V61V8ar8xe4zGWwzEXoxdffJn8g
-mWN/B2JEgf+zlokG4inM22l/eyVYhHR+js5YUXXc7frmTLMdLBTqMqxr3TvZ1bBC
-TnKKA5A3TwozqbKK7gacfDDuZu+dwNv1taH3bzd+P13hiwDloQQFdVY0pwKBgEC1
-S7i5apj3nbXdI5fFxHh+JygN4M6qLHLV3n72T5Fp2vo/9NrFcuJhMTSK3hBtJvLV
-gm/W+o/pLfKK56SnRCDEijVHENnlY5M1b0atOWFyP1e99cgQB/ATBWcvRA9UKGkf
-KXNQJMfdwBPU0pVV5KSgif00+fbd60FxMbhdGeBjAoGBAO4GIfg1FgIixd3BjuW8
-vCcYqqyRphtiHUeZMoVeIVO+CwD4tm7Rj7mRux/3lU8qRFdD/5O5oFE5MR6gvyno
-aBt/fPzA40/zjsDMdILaL6IoJUw1B3OsRUoNTupHxqkBl3gJV1WUnWMQftzNAYuy
-GJzEUr6jpE6MJyt3osZwfurm
------END PRIVATE KEY-----

assignment2/ca/vpn.crt

@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-Certificate:
-    Data:
-        Version: 3 (0x2)
-        Serial Number: 4096 (0x1000)
-        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-        Issuer: C=PT, ST=Coimbra, L=Coimbra, O=UC, CN=CoimbraVPN
-        Validity
-            Not Before: Apr 22 10:50:26 2026 GMT
-            Not After : Apr 22 10:50:26 2027 GMT
-        Subject: CN=gateway
-        Subject Public Key Info:
-            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
-                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
-                Modulus:
-                    00:bc:46:6b:0e:12:3f:c2:64:0d:dd:36:e7:86:a2:
-                    f6:98:04:86:21:73:85:3b:cc:ce:7d:c5:74:f9:8d:
-                    97:f8:c9:01:1c:e9:88:db:10:fc:40:a8:2a:44:76:
-                    de:07:bd:39:58:c3:ba:b3:9a:d2:01:91:12:c8:7f:
-                    0e:7a:51:56:f6:a4:ad:4e:63:92:8e:05:b9:9d:5a:
-                    76:37:60:58:60:0a:10:f2:6e:15:6b:76:a1:34:91:
-                    c5:cf:c7:86:00:cd:3f:53:c2:e9:45:8c:86:49:c2:
-                    a1:36:f9:ca:3b:a5:30:76:92:ff:a6:e5:fa:40:67:
-                    d9:91:ea:24:90:a5:a4:e0:15:2a:da:ce:1b:4e:f9:
-                    86:7e:9f:33:de:e9:24:dc:b9:60:fa:c9:f0:e0:79:
-                    83:a3:d3:b3:c9:61:37:9d:26:ab:e9:bd:21:68:74:
-                    51:02:e0:a2:36:24:9e:c6:5d:22:f3:f6:76:8d:17:
-                    ab:e3:46:a2:dc:a3:e4:f8:bc:a2:4b:59:8b:76:f4:
-                    91:7e:2f:48:79:b6:72:1b:d5:45:e2:9f:d3:8d:b2:
-                    f6:45:53:07:95:4d:8e:76:73:b8:54:10:17:63:c4:
-                    07:bf:bf:a6:72:4f:ea:be:b7:1d:38:37:3a:95:26:
-                    8f:36:81:a0:53:07:d3:49:32:7a:de:3c:7f:61:b6:
-                    7c:21
-                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
-        X509v3 extensions:
-            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
-                96:52:2F:9E:1C:51:4D:A7:91:73:93:1B:E6:69:6C:06:99:28:2D:0B
-            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: 
-                AC:CD:79:CC:80:17:AA:8D:16:CC:97:B1:E9:36:5E:00:2A:BD:5B:D5
-    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
-    Signature Value:
-        9a:fd:c0:13:d2:8a:7d:8d:d6:79:d0:35:1f:a6:75:ea:ff:1b:
-        73:1a:4b:30:d9:c8:3b:9d:96:e5:a8:28:eb:74:26:0d:13:fa:
-        e1:89:ad:eb:38:d4:57:d1:72:af:c5:93:ab:ce:07:35:3a:b5:
-        34:9f:72:af:71:b7:79:23:c8:88:99:af:a9:bf:72:8f:01:f2:
-        cf:f8:a1:57:8e:2a:05:e7:05:c2:0e:ac:92:df:db:f4:fd:64:
-        16:01:28:5a:7b:8b:c1:e3:8b:49:48:58:b4:36:28:ed:a3:99:
-        60:9c:a7:a6:3b:eb:07:3d:42:36:29:f2:d2:ff:07:86:34:3c:
-        0a:b0:70:cb:23:d2:f3:f1:f7:88:74:a5:a6:c3:ee:4e:5f:d7:
-        6d:ba:a6:83:09:76:f5:e4:1a:3b:d5:58:e9:be:a8:80:cf:68:
-        13:82:95:b3:da:75:43:4b:e7:f3:fb:6b:0d:b3:d5:07:5e:1b:
-        7a:69:f4:77:1b:59:eb:c5:a1:84:fb:cc:3e:5c:26:f5:b3:b3:
-        4d:36:8d:40:d2:53:f9:1e:bd:cf:b9:4b:c3:a8:40:29:97:58:
-        48:c2:94:94:28:9d:3f:e7:e3:d2:a3:db:32:8d:fb:a9:bb:c3:
-        32:a5:b3:c0:8b:c5:e3:56:45:55:2d:fb:62:5a:c0:36:f1:df:
-        b6:00:f9:b9
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIDIzCCAgugAwIBAgICEAAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQAwUzELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQx
-EDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAOBgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVD
-MRMwEQYDVQQDDApDb2ltYnJhVlBOMB4XDTI2MDQyMjEwNTAyNloXDTI3MDQyMjEw
-NTAyNlowEjEQMA4GA1UEAwwHZ2F0ZXdheTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEP
-ADCCAQoCggEBALxGaw4SP8JkDd0254ai9pgEhiFzhTvMzn3FdPmNl/jJARzpiNsQ
-/ECoKkR23ge9OVjDurOa0gGREsh/DnpRVvakrU5jko4FuZ1adjdgWGAKEPJuFWt2
-oTSRxc/HhgDNP1PC6UWMhknCoTb5yjulMHaS/6bl+kBn2ZHqJJClpOAVKtrOG075
-hn6fM97pJNy5YPrJ8OB5g6PTs8lhN50mq+m9IWh0UQLgojYknsZdIvP2do0Xq+NG
-otyj5Pi8oktZi3b0kX4vSHm2chvVReKf042y9kVTB5VNjnZzuFQQF2PEB7+/pnJP
-6r63HTg3OpUmjzaBoFMH00kyet48f2G2fCECAwEAAaNCMEAwHQYDVR0OBBYEFJZS
-L54cUU2nkXOTG+ZpbAaZKC0LMB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFKzNecyAF6qNFsyXsek2XgAq
-vVvVMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQCa/cAT0op9jdZ50DUfpnXq/xtzGksw2cg7
-nZblqCjrdCYNE/rhia3rONRX0XKvxZOrzgc1OrU0n3Kvcbd5I8iIma+pv3KPAfLP
-+KFXjioF5wXCDqyS39v0/WQWAShae4vB44tJSFi0Nijto5lgnKemO+sHPUI2KfLS
-/weGNDwKsHDLI9Lz8feIdKWmw+5OX9dtuqaDCXb15Bo71VjpvqiAz2gTgpWz2nVD
-S+fz+2sNs9UHXht6afR3G1nrxaGE+8w+XCb1s7NNNo1A0lP5Hr3PuUvDqEApl1hI
-wpSUKJ0/5+PSo9syjfupu8MypbPAi8XjVkVVLftiWsA28d+2APm5
------END CERTIFICATE-----

assignment2/ca/vpn.csr

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
-MIIClTCCAX0CAQAwUDELMAkGA1UEBhMCUFQxEDAOBgNVBAgMB0NvaW1icmExEDAO
-BgNVBAcMB0NvaW1icmExCzAJBgNVBAoMAlVDMRAwDgYDVQQDDAdnYXRld2F5MIIB
-IjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAvEZrDhI/wmQN3TbnhqL2mASG
-IXOFO8zOfcV0+Y2X+MkBHOmI2xD8QKgqRHbeB705WMO6s5rSAZESyH8OelFW9qSt
-TmOSjgW5nVp2N2BYYAoQ8m4Va3ahNJHFz8eGAM0/U8LpRYyGScKhNvnKO6UwdpL/
-puX6QGfZkeokkKWk4BUq2s4bTvmGfp8z3ukk3Llg+snw4HmDo9OzyWE3nSar6b0h
-aHRRAuCiNiSexl0i8/Z2jRer40ai3KPk+LyiS1mLdvSRfi9IebZyG9VF4p/TjbL2
-RVMHlU2OdnO4VBAXY8QHv7+mck/qvrcdODc6lSaPNoGgUwfTSTJ63jx/YbZ8IQID
-AQABoAAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBAAqV168ZttquI1P85iodBEo4pkefV9g7
-DNOtjf/BQ4SZUmtMBSH95aH1o+EjhYy+522IJ7yTOke5uTsr4R0uD/D7EX9hKnp5
-Qx2t/QZc+q3VKzOMV687VfBfq2RErMGSvJmk7cH40HyDlh4Ts5NZO3CAwaiIovKc
-ddcZfrO3naktT8jwayWA16pk+vxf0G3jwJqbeizyS0hl12+dwPr/+ESRHCQoSkUH
-wG5mL4eRW5E0NyuH9iGvOHms6WDrPU0qp2Rztql+FYZB+qGPJ3pdsajCIjJG7n4E
-n3D5ofg5q3dlLHAwueMcMLGL9hpjXRGLZturgB5JdUp9+1fMhgxYfFY=
------END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

assignment2/ca/vpn.key

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIIEvQIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKcwggSjAgEAAoIBAQC8RmsOEj/CZA3d
-NueGovaYBIYhc4U7zM59xXT5jZf4yQEc6YjbEPxAqCpEdt4HvTlYw7qzmtIBkRLI
-fw56UVb2pK1OY5KOBbmdWnY3YFhgChDybhVrdqE0kcXPx4YAzT9TwulFjIZJwqE2
-+co7pTB2kv+m5fpAZ9mR6iSQpaTgFSrazhtO+YZ+nzPe6STcuWD6yfDgeYOj07PJ
-YTedJqvpvSFodFEC4KI2JJ7GXSLz9naNF6vjRqLco+T4vKJLWYt29JF+L0h5tnIb
-1UXin9ONsvZFUweVTY52c7hUEBdjxAe/v6ZyT+q+tx04NzqVJo82gaBTB9NJMnre
-PH9htnwhAgMBAAECggEABIq6WGuOSDU7tGN3sGLMChzJ05LC2w90x8n0qXSF/wVy
-Vm031PkS7MhhxKcNcihZcs+9+Ek62bjTOC0Af2jo7ShJ2gNC7NQshyRAh9N2LlLv
-17laIO6Kswb1O673h5tr9KxWDkx2jN76HqZl/4xbn/Cp5C/WGqmmsQNyAF9Om+08
-M/5jB3aVT4PFBoyOXd3WDkuxG1wEfFZPrrbOu7T06duzMH8yYnxFX42UyDOVNT73
-iqZsxLzlOjLiAaVEZE+2WpZICnwaa04OaOimGHgYEcr4DFQwgUvkVQBvg6sDHVk2
-R9GpBsf7BJceimpOAzw3zQaJ/BftFgli6/gHCZpJAQKBgQDgxxbBIxyVHYeaddAJ
-cDMHTCr2wsk63gUxdqilDC/HZWpCtB1AI02IyxjPVQ87FxtQrCrGXAeztrqYRbKB
-7bPu4UbYP1XCm8o0jNIsFObrMKv1KFLTycZEmvhjivFrQMXLunyPmciV1HKoPg1w
-fZqJjn6X6nJyYEZBYDX6XmaX8QKBgQDWbVNxMEw4cpEdpl9lMTpry87XS1SpOKSR
-YLqa5yhXMC+5l54B3a/xxoo3wY8YJLixWy67PXakKZ4iWhmAxzQocAJ4ML0ztLep
-Z6fGjmE4XyBKQRIz4NaHZ76bh3SwSc07XirTahib6CPjpVc4b5h7+4JNcnmpIiq7
-yFs0RfjXMQKBgAOQRHUVaGuYx0CUo5Kyu6xe8cNtvSD4yh5JokzTj6Jaoj+ieWA9
-7wm/JoqK763hJOa3hAoXBWw89mJZoIXczeB4o9Xj0yk9rQv+O4rFXg/WerNtSzre
-VQ1bY5q4ZjFsGnarYzQnnP17G8I9EZt58kxB/RHNfrj/e72nl9N7UacRAoGBAKeS
-/t/5X8fJeTFTwT+i7kYqG/bTL1GkK7BViN/gAP3KcbG4FMrehk8L2x7hzMOQhypL
-2USJLzvyLlwoT7/9bfygNL3bUTGkbNgeYtbglIfqh6CgI+qZLu7ZG/QOMxpGQva/
-i/Z29s545/tTTsuTIvbZwqZl7UBJrF3eobBDcsoxAoGAbtIHtMulH7WJYu57DdC2
-AD/xc0YBESCDN8wV73XZrOTluuCXDGOiQow4jWZM9SgFosVY0DrAM4pu6JWso93x
-xAPexrca18YxCs2UwT66AYzDXOcijl1F9fUitf3WC/sZWmO3sd1FVFuLRGlq8mXY
-kGgsbmgiuKROuuMqB2fHgWo=
------END PRIVATE KEY-----

assignment2/conf/client.conf

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-client
-dev tun
-proto udp
-remote 193.136.212.1 1194   # ip da vpn gateway
-persist-tun
-persist-key
-
-# certificados
-ca /etc/openvpn/client/ca.crt
-cert /etc/openvpn/client/user.crt
-key /etc/openvpn/client/user.key
-
-# auth
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-
-auth-user-pass
-tls-auth /etc/openvpn/client/ta.key 1
-reneg-sec 0

assignment2/conf/httpd-totp

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-auth    required    pam_google_authenticator.so forward_pass secret=/home/${USER}/.google_authenticator user=apache
-auth    required    pam_unix.so use_first_pass
-account required    pam_unix.so

assignment2/conf/httpd.conf

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
-
-Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
-LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
-LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so
-
-User apache
-Group apache
-
-Listen 80
-Listen 443
-
-Include conf.d/*.conf
-
-DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
-<Directory "/var/www/html">
-    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
-    AllowOverride None
-    Require all granted
-</Directory>

assignment2/conf/ocsp-verify.sh

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-depth=$1
-if [ "$depth" -eq 0 ]; then
-    if [ -n "$tls_serial_0" ]; then
-        # é preciso converter o serial para hexadecimal porque o openssl espera em hex
-        hex_serial=$(printf '%x' "$tls_serial_0")
-        status=$(openssl ocsp -issuer /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt -serial "0x$hex_serial" -url http://10.60.0.1:8888 -CAfile /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt 2>/dev/null)
-        if echo "$status" | grep -q "good"; then
-            exit 0 # sucesso
-        fi
-
-        exit 1 # revogado ou não encontrado
-    fi
-    exit 1
-fi

assignment2/conf/ssl.conf

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-<VirtualHost *:443>
-    ServerName 10.60.0.1
-    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
-
-    SSLEngine on
-    SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.crt
-    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.key
-    SSLCACertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/ca.crt
-
-    # mutual authentication
-    SSLVerifyClient require
-    SSLVerifyDepth 1
-
-    # ocsp validation
-    SSLOCSPEnable on
-    SSLOCSPDefaultResponder "http://10.60.0.1:8888"
-    SSLOCSPOverrideResponder on
-    SSLOCSPUseRequestNonce off
-
-    # session management 
-    Session On
-    SessionCookieName session path=/;HttpOnly;Secure
-
-    # proteger
-    <Location "/">
-        AuthType Form
-        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
-        AuthFormProvider PAM
-        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
-        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html"
-        Require valid-user
-    </Location>
-
-    # public login page
-    <Location "/login.html">
-        AuthType None
-        Require all granted
-    </Location>
-
-    # login handler
-    <Location "/dologin">
-        SetHandler form-login-handler
-        AuthType Form
-        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
-        AuthFormProvider PAM
-        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
-        Require all granted
-        AuthFormLoginSuccessLocation "/index.html"
-        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html?error=1"
-    </Location>
-
-    # logout handler
-    <Location "/logout">
-        SetHandler form-logout-handler
-        AuthFormLogoutLocation "/login.html?loggedout=1"
-    </Location>
-
-</VirtualHost>
-
-# redirect para https
-<VirtualHost *:80>
-    ServerName 10.60.0.1
-    Redirect permanent / https://10.60.0.1/
-</VirtualHost>

assignment2/conf/totp

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-auth    required    pam_google_authenticator.so forward_pass
-auth    required    pam_unix.so use_first_pass
-account required    pam_unix.so

assignment2/conf/vpn.conf

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-local 193.136.212.1
-port 1194
-proto udp
-dev tun
-
-verb 4
-
-# Bro is too honorable
-ca /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt
-cert /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.crt
-key /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.key
-dh /etc/openvpn/server/dh2048.pem
-
-topology subnet
-server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
-push "route 10.60.0.0 255.255.255.0"
-
-# OCSP and Revocation
-script-security 2
-tls-verify /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp-verify.sh
-# auth
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-
-# plugin /usr/lib64/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-auth-pam.so login
-plugin /usr/lib64/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-auth-pam.so totp
-tls-auth /etc/openvpn/server/ta.key 0
-
-

assignment2/enunciado.txt

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-FSI 2025/2026
-Practical Assignment #2
-
-1. Goals
-•
-
-Configure a VPN tunnel in the “road warrior” scenario.
-
-•
-
-Enable two-factor user authentication with OpenVPN and Apache services.
-
-•
-
-Manage PKI: certification authorities, X.509 certificates, revocation and OCSP.
-
-2. General description
-Figure 1 illustrates the scenario considered for our practical assignment. As illustrated, secure communications are
-supported by a VPN tunnel established between a remote client (road warrior) and the VPN gateway, with the purpose of
-enabling accesses to services in the Internal Network, particularly a web server running Apache. To enable the VPN tunnel,
-we will use OpenVPN (https://openvpn.net).
-
-Figure 1 – Scenario for the Practical Assignment #1
-
-Regarding authentication, the two communication entities participating in the VPN tunnel (road warrior and the VPN
-gateway) should possess valid X.509 certificates, which are created with a private Certification Authority (CA). Users
-establishing remote connections to the VPN gateway (road warriors), as well as users connecting to the Apache server, will
-also use two-factor authentication, as described below. Apache must also implement client authentication via X.509
-certificates. Figure 2 provides an illustration of the interactions between all the entities involved in this setup.
-
-Figure 2 – X.509 mutual authentication and OCSP
-
-As we can observe in Figure 2, the VPN gateway and the Apache web server must verify the status of validity of certificates
-using OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) and revocation information from the CA. OCSP verification in not
-required for the road warrior. Next, we describe the configuration requirements for the various components of the
-assignment.
-
-3. Configuration requirements
-VPN tunnel for remote access (road warriors)
-As illustrated in Figure 1, remote clients (road warriors) are able to connect to the Coimbra VPN gateway, and using the
-tunnel remotely access hosts in the Internal network. The following configuration requirements should be considered:
-•
-
-In order to establish a VPN tunnel with the Coimbra gateway, the road warrior must be in the possession of a valid
-X.509 certificate, issued by the private CA of the scenario.
-
-•
-
-The road warrior and the Coimbra VPN gateway must perform mutual authentication using X.509 digital certificates.
-
-•
-
-The Coimbra VPN gateway should verify the validity of the X.509 certificate presented by the road warrior using OCSP
-and, in case the certificate is revoked, the gateway should refuse the connection.
-
-•
-
-In order to authorize the remote user, the Coimbra gateway should also enforce two other authentication steps: the user
-must present a valid username and password, plus a one-time password (OTP, or an authentication token).
-
-Web server
-2
-
-The road warrior user should be able to contact the Apache web server with HTTPS through the VPN tunnel. The
-following configuration requirements should be considered:
-•
-
-Apache should enforce two-factor authentication in order to authorize accesses from clients: the client (browser) should
-present a valid X.509 certificate (issued with the private CA of the scenario) and the user should also present a valid onetime password (or authentication token).
-
-•
-
-As in the VPN, the validity of the X.509 certificate presented by the client should be checked in the CA using OCSP.
-
-Two-factor user authentication
-As previously discussed, VPN establishment and HTTPS accesses to Apache make use of one-time passwords
-(authentication tokens), which may be generated by an appropriate application. One-time passwords may be generated using
-the TOTP (Time-based One-time Password Algorithm). This algorithm employs a secret key shared between the user
-(client) and the remote service, plus a timestamp (obtained from the current system time), to obtain a one-time password.
-In order to generate a one-time password, the user may use an application such as Google Authenticator, illustrated in
-Figure 3. This application periodically generates a new one-time password that can be used to authenticate the user with the
-remote service. This application is available for iOS and Android 1.
-Certification authority
-As already discussed, the goal is to use OpenSSL to configure a private Certification Authority, as well as to issue and revoke
-X.509 digital certificates for the VPN gateways and remote users. The following configuration requirements should be
-considered:
-•
-
-The Certification Authority is used to issue certificates for the VPN gateway, VPN client and Apache web server.
-
-•
-
-The Certification Authority allows the revocation of certificates previously issued.
-
-•
-
-The Certification Authority also supports a OCSP responder.
-
-For Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2&hl=en and
-for Apple iOS: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605?mt=8
-1
-
-3
-
-Figure 3 – Google Authenticator app, to generate a one-time password to access services enabled with two-factor authentication
-
-4. Delivery of the Practical Assignment
-With the assignment, please deliver also a report, containing the following information:
-•
-
-Descriptions of the configurations for the implementation of the previous requirements.
-
-•
-
-A description of how the private Certification Authority was created using OpenSSL.
-
-•
-
-A description of how X.509 certificates were issued and revoked using the private Certification Authority.
-
-•
-
-A description of the tests performed to validate the functionalities implemented.
-
-•
-
-Remaining information considered relevant.
-
-For the delivery of the assignment, put your report, as well as the relevant configuration files, in a single archive. This archive
-should be signed using your PGP key and encrypted using the PGP key of your PL teacher.
-Note: Assignments without PGP will be accepted, although with a discount of 5% in the final grade.
-Delivery deadline:
-•
-
-The deadline for the delivery of the assignment (configuration files and report) is May 3rd 2026.
-
-•
-
-Submission via Inforestudante.
-
-4
-
-

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.aux

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-\relax 
-\providecommand \babel@aux [2]{\global \let \babel@toc \@gobbletwo }
-\@nameuse{bbl@beforestart}
-\catcode `"\active 
-\providecommand\hyper@newdestlabel[2]{}
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assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.listing

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-openssl ca -revoke user.crt -config cheese.cfg -keyfile ca.key -cert ca.crt

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.out

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
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assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.tex

@@ -1,575 +0,0 @@
-\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
-\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
-\usepackage[lining]{ebgaramond}
-\usepackage{style}
-
-\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
-\setlength{\parskip}{2ex}
-
-\title{Practical Assignment \#2}
-\author{
-    João Neto -- 2023234004\\[1em]
-    Vasco Alves -- 2022228207
-}
-
-\begin{document}
-\maketitle
-
-\newpage
-\tableofcontents
-
-\newpage
-
-\section{Introdução}
-
-Este projeto tem como âmbito implementar, uma rede virtual privada (VPN) num cenário
-de road-warrior, configurar \textit{two-factor authentication} (2FA) com os serviços
-OpenVPN e Apache, e gerir certificados X.509 utilizando OCSP.
-
-% NOTE(vasco): Eu acho que basta explicar o cenario e explicar como decidimos 
-% implementar <- yeah agree, also esta introdução acho que é boa fala sobre o objetivo
-% e o cenario, e porque é que o nosso cenario é como é. Não sei se a parte das razões de
-%segurança devia estar nesta parte ou na conclusão como perpetiva futura e reflexão, mas aqui
-%também não está mal.
-
-% Para tal, foi implementado um servidor e um cliente OpenVPN, certificados por uma
-% autoridade central (CA) que em si é \textit{self-signed}. Para além disto, foi implementado
-% um sistema de autenticação de dois factores através do plugin
-% \textit{google-authenticator} para o OpenVPN e para o servidor de Apache.
-
-Decidimos utilizar apenas três máquinas virtuais: o cliente (ou \textit{road warrior}),
-a \textit{gateway} que utiliza OpenVPN e um servidor interno com OpenSSL e Apache. 
-Isto simplifica a elaboração do projecto, mas por razões de segurança poderia querer
-separar a máquina de OpenSSL de outras máquinas destinadas a serviços da rede interna,
-pois esta contém o \textit{certificate authority} (CA). 
-
-% Ambos o OpenVPN eo  servidor Apache utilizam 2FA,
-% recebendo o utilizador, e uma password que é uma concatenação da palavra-passe do utilizador
-% e de uma password temporária (TOTP) de 6 dígitos. O servidor de Apache implementa a mesma autenticação.
-
-\begin{tabular}{l l l}
-   {\bf Nome} & {\bf Script} & {\bf Rede} \\\toprule
-   Road Warrior & VM\_ROAD\_WARRIOR.sh & Rede Externa 193.168.0.0/24 \\
-   VPN Gateway & VM\_OPENVPN\_GATEWAY.sh & Router \\
-   OpenSSL / Apache & VM\_OPENSSL\_APACHE.sh & Rede Interna 10.60.0.0/24 \\
-\end{tabular}
-
-\section{Preparação Inicial}
-
-\subsection{Criação de Certificados}
-
-Os certificados utilizados foram auto-certificados por uma autoridade central que ``pertence''
-à máquina de OpenSSL. Esta mesma faz a gestão da lista de revogação.
-
-Todas as chaves foram criadas no mesmo computador, com as variáveis que estão
-neste código. Aspetos importantes para mais tarde serão os parâmetros de Comon Name (CN)
-pois servem para a validação do certificado ambos pelo OpenSSL e pelo browser.
-
-Nós optamos por assumir que num cenário real, teríamos acesso físico às máquinas, por isso em vez 
-de utilizar, por exemplo SCP ou FTP, escolhemos partilhar os ficheiros a partir da máquina host. No entanto, outra abordagem também estaria correta.
-
-\begin{codeblock}[bash]{create\_all\_keys.sh}
-cert_ca="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=CoimbraVPN"
-cert_vpn="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=gateway"
-cert_user="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=warrior"
-cert_apache="/C=PT/ST=Coimbra/L=Coimbra/O=UC/CN=apache.coimbra"
-
-openssl genrsa -out "ca.key" 2048
-openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -key "ca.key" -out "ca.crt" -subj "$cert_ca"
-openssl genrsa -out "vpn.key" 2048
-openssl req -new -key "vpn.key" -out "vpn.csr" -subj "$cert_vpn"
-openssl ca -batch -in "vpn.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "vpn.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-openssl dhparam -out "dh2048.pem" 2048
-openvpn --genkey secret "ta.key"
-openssl genrsa -out user.key
-openssl req -new -key user.key -out user.csr -subj "$cert_user"
-openssl ca -batch -in "user.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "user.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-openssl genrsa -out apache.key
-openssl req -new -key apache.key -out apache.csr -subj "$cert_apache" -addext "subjectAltName = IP:10.60.0.1,DNS:apache"
-openssl ca -batch -in "apache.csr" -cert "ca.crt" -keyfile "ca.key" -out "apache.crt" -config cheese.cfg
-openssl --genkey secret ta.key
-\end{codeblock}
-
-Como o CA foi criado ``\textit{in place}'', e não na sua pasta prédefinida, foi necessário utilizar 
-um configuração própria para definir os ficheiros \textit{index.txt} e \textit{serial}.
-
-\begin{codeblock}[bash]{cheese.cfg}
-[ ca ]
-default_ca = CA_default
-[ CA_default ]
-default_days = 365
-database = index.txt
-serial = serial
-copy_extensions = copy
-new_certs_dir = .
-default_md = sha256
-policy = policy_any
-[ policy_any ]
-commonName = supplied
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\subsection{Configuração geral}
-Para evitar repetição e redundancia; e para garantir consistencia na elaboração do projeto criamos varios shell scripts, um destinado a cada maquina virtual.
-
-Para configurar as VMs era preciso introduzir os mesmos comandos várias vezes, o que levava muitas vezes a erros de escrita,
-ou a correr o mesmo comando várias vezes, por isso criamos vários ficheiros .sh para conseguir facilitar o processo.
-A utilização de ficheiros .sh também vem com outros positivos pois facilita a testagem, e a recriação do cenário rapidamente.
-
-No entanto para os serviços que configuramos, instalar, desativar e dar flush às iptables não foi suficiente, tivemos que criar
-pastas e sincronizar os relógios de todas as VMs visto que elas estarem ligeiramente atrasadas nunca conseguíamos acertar na 
-password do google-authenticator visto que utiliza o tempo local para calcular a sua chave.
-
-\begin{codeblock}[bash]{VM\_CONFIG.sh}
-yum install -y epel-release
-yum install -y openvpn iptables-services dhcp-client
-systemctl stop firewalld
-systemctl disable firewalld
-systemctl mask firewalld
-systemctl enable iptables
-iptables -F
-
-CA_DIR="/etc/pki/CA"
-mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/newcerts"
-mkdir -p "${CA_DIR}/private"
-touch "${CA_DIR}/index.txt"
-cp ca/serial "${CA_DIR}/serial"
-
-mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/server
-mkdir -p /etc/openvpn/client
-
-# NOTE(vasco): tive problemas com a sincronizacao de tempo
-# se nao tiver sincronizado, o TOTP nao funciona
-systemctl stop chronyd
-ntpdate pool.ntp.org
-systemctl start chronyd
-\end{codeblock}
-
-
-\section{VPN Gateway}
-
-\subsection{Configuração da Máquina}
-
-Como já foi dito anteriormente, cada máquina vem com um \textit{script}
-que instala toda a configuração necessária.
-
-Para que a gateway funcione como router entre a rede externa e a rede interna,
-foi necessário ativar o \textit{IP forwarding} no kernel e configurar as regras
-de \textit{iptables} para permitir o tráfego da VPN e realizar o mascaramento
-de IP (NAT).
-
-% NOTA(vasco): Não temos regras de DROP a packets
-% talvez deviamos mudar isso nao sei <- não diz nada no enunciado ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
-% também o trabalho não é sobre ip tables por isso it does make sense não fazer drop
-%e utilizar as regras apenas para encaminhar corretamente.
-% Colocar isso na conclusão tho
-
-\begin{codeblock}[bash]{VM\_VPN\_GATEWAY.sh}
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# --- configuracao --- #
-source VM_CONFIG.sh
-yum install -y google-authenticator qrencode ntpsec
-
-# --- forwarding --- #
-if_fora="enp0s8"
-ip_fora="193.136.212.1"
-if_dentro="enp0s9"
-ip_dentro="10.60.0.3"
-mega_tunel="tun0"
-ip_mega_tunel="10.8.0.0/24"
-
-ifconfig $if_fora $ip_fora netmask 255.255.255.0
-ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
-
-echo "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
-sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
-
-iptables -I INPUT 1  -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_dentro -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_dentro -o $mega_tunel -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j ACCEPT
-iptables -I FORWARD 1 -i $if_fora -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s $ip_mega_tunel -o $if_fora -j MASQUERADE
-iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
-
-# --- vpn server --- #
-vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/server"
-cp ca/ta.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/vpn.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/vpn.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/dh2048.pem $vpn_dir 
-cp conf/vpn.conf $vpn_dir 
-cp conf/ocsp-verify.sh $vpn_dir
-cp conf/totp /etc/pam.d/
-
-# --- utilizador --- #
-id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
-echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
-
-openvpn --config /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.conf
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\subsection{Configuração do Serviço OpenVPN}
-
-
-O servidor OpenVPN utiliza um certificado X.509 assinado pelo nosso \textit{Certificate Authority} (CA).
-E faz uso de um script \texttt{oscp-verify.sh} para validar ou revogar os certificados através do servidor OCSP.
-
-\begin{codeblock}{vpn.conf}
-local 193.136.212.1
-port 1194
-proto udp
-dev tun
-
-verb 4
-
-ca /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt
-cert /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.crt
-key /etc/openvpn/server/vpn.key
-dh /etc/openvpn/server/dh2048.pem
-
-topology subnet
-server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
-push "route 10.60.0.0 255.255.255.0"
-
-# ocsp and revocation
-script-security 2
-tls-verify /etc/openvpn/server/ocsp-verify.sh
-# auth
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-
-plugin /usr/lib64/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-auth-pam.so totp
-tls-auth /etc/openvpn/server/ta.key 0
-\end{codeblock}
-
-Foi criado o ficheiro \texttt{totp} com a configuração de autenticação a 
-ser utilizada pelo plugin de PAM para o openvpn.
-
-\begin{codeblock}{totp}
-auth    required    pam_google_authenticator.so forward_pass
-auth    required    pam_unix.so use_first_pass
-account required    pam_unix.so
-\end{codeblock}
-
-Este script simplesmente comunica com o servidor OpenSSl
-e verifica o resultado.
-
-\begin{codeblock}{ocsp\_verify.sh}
-#!/bin/bash
-depth=$1
-if [ "$depth" -eq 0 ]; then
-    if [ -n "$tls_serial_0" ]; then
-        # e preciso converter o serial para hexadecimal porque o openssl espera em hex
-        hex_serial=$(printf '%x' "$tls_serial_0")
-        status=$(openssl ocsp -issuer /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt -serial "0x$hex_serial" -url http://10.60.0.1:8888 -CAfile /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt 2>/dev/null)
-        if echo "$status" | grep -q "good"; then
-            exit 0 # sucesso
-        fi
-        exit 1 # revogado ou nao encontrado
-    fi
-    exit 1
-fi
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\subsection{Erros}
-
-Um dos erros que encontramos pelo caminho foi que o OpenSSL OCSP espera que o 
-\textit{serial} esteja num formato diferente do que o esperado. Foi necessário
-converter para hexadecimal primeiro.
-
-Adicionalmente, devido às restrições de segurança do \textit{systemd},
-tentamos desativar o \texttt{ProtectHome} no serviço do OpenVPN
-para que o plugin PAM consiga ler os ficheiros de segredo do Google Authenticator
-localizados nas diretorias \textit{home} dos utilizadores. Mas isto não 
-foi suficiente, por isso acabamos por correr os serviços pela linha
-de comandoos.
-
-\subsection{Configurar o utilizador com TOTP}
-
-Primeiro, na gateway, entramos como o utilizador desejado e obtemos a chave
-do gerador de palavras passes temporárias. Ao inserir a chave no 
-\texttt{google authenticator} podemos obter um código QR,  a nossa primeira
-chave de 6 dígitos.
-
-\begin{figure}[h]
-    \centering
-    \includegraphics[width=8em]{google-authenticator}
-\end{figure}
-
-\begin{codeblock}[bash]{}
-su john
-google-authenticator
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\section{VPN Client (Road Warrior)}
-
-\subsection{Configuração da Máquina}
-Para a configuração da Máquina, configuramos o edereço, o default gateway e adicionamos apache aos Hosts:
-
-\begin{codeblock}{VM\_ROAD\_WARRIOR.sh}
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# --- configuracao --- #
-source VM_CONFIG.sh
-ifconfig enp0s8 193.136.212.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
-route add default gw 193.136.212.1 
-
-if ! grep -q "apache" /etc/hosts; then
-    echo "10.60.0.1 apache" >> /etc/hosts
-fi
-
-# --- vpn client --- #
-vpn_dir="/etc/openvpn/client/"
-cp ca/ta.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/ca.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/user.key $vpn_dir 
-cp ca/user.crt $vpn_dir 
-cp conf/client.conf $vpn_dir 
-
-openvpn --config "${vpn_dir}/client.conf"
-\end{codeblock}
-
-
-% Esta configuração foi necessaria, porque sem edereço a VM não conseguia-se identificar na rede. Sem o default gateway
-% os edereços desconhecidos seriam enviados para a porta da internet, e adicionamos apache aos Hosts para que fosse igual
-% ao domain para não haver erros.
-%(I dunno about this Apache part??) Also sinto que ainda precisa de mais um bocado.
-Também foram movidos os certificados e chaves necessarias para as pastas do serviço openvpn, para que o Road Warrior
-consiga comunicar e ser validado pela gateway.
-
-
-\subsection{Configuração do Cliente OpenVPN}
-
-O cliente encontra-se na rede externa (\texttt{193.136.212.10}) e liga-se à VPN
-gateway na porta 1194. Para garantir a segurança, utilizamos autenticação mútua (os certificados X.509)
-e um \textit{two factor authentication} (2FA) como palavras-passe temporárias, geradas através do
-\textit{Google Authenticator}.
-
-\begin{codeblock}{client.conf}
-client
-dev tun
-proto udp
-remote 193.136.212.1 1194
-ca ca.crt
-cert user.crt
-key user.key
-auth-user-pass
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\subsection{Testes}
-Para verificar que a autenticação foi corretamente implementada, inserimos a password de um utilizador sem os digitos do TOTP, e identificamos que utilizar somente a password não é suficiente para autenticar. Igualmente ao utilizar ambos a autenticação é bem sucedida. 
-
-Para verificar que o tunel foi estabelecido, primeiro corremos na linha de comandos \texttt{ip a}. Observamos a existencia de uma nova interface tun0, ou seja o tunel foi corretamente establecido. Depois demos ping ao route e depois ao servidor interno, que resultou em pacotes devolvidos para ambos. 
-
-
-
-% TODO: screenshots? dizer que erros exatos nos obtemos a cada etapa
-% TODO: erros ortograficos lol 
-
-Para verificar que o OCSP funciona correctamente, o cliente conectou ao servidor OpenVPN:
-primeiro, sem o servidor OCSP a correr, uma segunda vez com ele a correr e com o certificado correcto
-e uma terceira vez com um certificado revogado. Fizemos estes testes sabendo que o 
-cliente e o servidor já estavam correctamente configurados.
-
-Verificamos que, como é suposto: sem OCSP não é possivel autenticar; com OCSP e com certificado válido,
-podemos autenticar; e com OCSP mas com certificado revogado, a autenticação falha.
-
-\section{Servidor Apache e OCSP}
-Para a configuração da ultima maquina, temos o OpenSSL e Apache no mesmo servidor, por isso temos de configurar
-as pastas necessarias, os utilizadores do serviço, configurar os edereços e uma route:
-\begin{codeblock}{VM\_OPENSSL\_APACHE.sh}
-#!/bin/bash
-# configuracao
-source VM_CONFIG.sh
-
-sudo yum install -y epel-release
-sudo yum install -y openssl httpd mod_ssl mod_authnz_pam google-authenticator 
-sudo yum install -y mod_session
-
-# utilizador
-id -u john &>/dev/null || useradd john
-echo "password" | passwd --stdin john
-
-if_dentro="enp0s8"
-ip_dentro="10.60.0.1"
-ifconfig $if_dentro $ip_dentro netmask 255.255.255.0
-
-# route de volta para comunicar com o warrior
-route add -net 10.8.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.60.0.3
-
-cp conf/openssl.cnf /etc/pki/tls/
-
-# copiar ca para esta VM
-cp ca/index.txt $CA_DIR
-cp ca/ca.crt $CA_DIR
-cp ca/ca.key $CA_DIR
-cp ca/serial $CA_DIR
-cp ca/dh2048.pem $CA_DIR
-
-# correr oscp
-killall openssl 2>/dev/null
-openssl ocsp -index $CA_DIR/index.txt -port 8888 -rsigner $CA_DIR/ca.crt -rkey $CA_DIR/ca.key -CA $CA_DIR/ca.crt -text &
-
-# apache
-mkdir -p /etc/httpd/ssl
-cp ca/ca.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
-cp ca/apache.crt /etc/httpd/ssl/
-cp ca/apache.key /etc/httpd/ssl/
-cp conf/ssl.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf
-cp conf/httpd.conf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
-cp conf/httpd-totp /etc/pam.d/httpd-totp
-
-echo "LoadModule session_module modules/mod_session.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
-echo "LoadModule session_cookie_module modules/mod_session_cookie.so" >> /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-session.conf
-echo "LoadModule auth_form_module modules/mod_auth_form.so" > /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/01-auth_form.conf
-
-cp -r www/* /var/www/html/
-chown -R apache:apache /var/www/html/
-
-httpd -X
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\subsection{Configuração da Máquina}
-
-Como já referimos a Máquina tem ambos o serviço OpenSSL e Apache, por isso vai precisar de dois .conf files para
-configurar-los. O httpd.conf tem as portas e modulos enquanto o ssl.conf tem a configuração da autenticação mútua, e o OCSP:
-\begin{codeblock}{httpd.conf}
-ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
-
-Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
-LoadModule authnz_pam_module modules/mod_authnz_pam.so
-LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so
-
-User apache
-Group apache
-
-Listen 80
-Listen 443
-
-Include conf.d/*.conf
-
-DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
-<Directory "/var/www/html">
-    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
-    AllowOverride None
-    Require all granted
-</Directory>
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\begin{codeblock}{ssl.conf}
-<VirtualHost *:443>
-    ServerName 10.60.0.1
-    DocumentRoot /var/www/html
-
-    SSLEngine on
-    SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.crt
-    SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/ssl/apache.key
-    SSLCACertificateFile /etc/httpd/ssl/ca.crt
-
-    # mutual authentication
-    SSLVerifyClient require
-    SSLVerifyDepth 1
-
-    # ocsp validation
-    SSLOCSPEnable on
-    SSLOCSPDefaultResponder "http://10.60.0.1:8888"
-    SSLOCSPOverrideResponder on
-    SSLOCSPUseRequestNonce off
-
-    # session management 
-    Session On
-    SessionCookieName session path=/;HttpOnly;Secure
-
-    # proteger
-    <Location "/">
-        AuthType Form
-        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
-        AuthFormProvider PAM
-        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
-        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html"
-        Require valid-user
-    </Location>
-
-    # public login page
-    <Location "/login.html">
-        AuthType None
-        Require all granted
-    </Location>
-
-    # login handler
-    <Location "/dologin">
-        SetHandler form-login-handler
-        AuthType Form
-        AuthName "Coimbra VPN"
-        AuthFormProvider PAM
-        AuthPAMService httpd-totp
-        Require all granted
-        AuthFormLoginSuccessLocation "/index.html"
-        AuthFormLoginRequiredLocation "/login.html?error=1"
-    </Location>
-
-    # logout handler
-    <Location "/logout">
-        SetHandler form-logout-handler
-        AuthFormLogoutLocation "/login.html?loggedout=1"
-    </Location>
-
-</VirtualHost>
-
-# redirect para https
-<VirtualHost *:80>
-    ServerName 10.60.0.1
-    Redirect permanent / https://10.60.0.1/
-</VirtualHost>
-\end{codeblock}
-
-\subsubsection{Testes}
-\begin{itemize}
-    \item \textbf{Domínio:} Verificou-se que o acesso só é permitido utilizando o endereço correto, pois se for inserido outro dominio, não é direcionado para o site do Apache.
-    \item \textbf{Redirecionamento HTTPS:} Ao testar quando colocamos http, e o dominio certo, era redirecionado para https.
-    \item \textbf{Autenticação com o Certificado:} O acesso foi negado ao apresentar certificados inválidos ou ausentes no browser, devolvendo um erro com sobre não conseguir establecer connexão porque falta de certificado.
-\end{itemize}
-
-Para testar o OCSP, fizemos os seguintes paços:
-
-\begin{enumerate}
-    \item Estabelecer a ligação VPN e verificar a conectividade à rede interna.
-    \item No diretório da autoridade de certificação (máquina \textit{host}), revogar o certificado do utilizador:
-\begin{codeblock}[bash]{revoke.sh}
-openssl ca -revoke user.crt -config cheese.cfg -keyfile ca.key -cert ca.crt
-\end{codeblock}
-    \item Atualizar o ficheiro \texttt{index.txt} no servidor OCSP e reiniciar o serviço para carregar o novo estado de revogação.
-    \item Tentar estabelecer uma nova ligação VPN e verificar que a autenticação falha devido à resposta \texttt{revoked} do responder OCSP.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-
-\section{Teste Integrado}
-
-Para validar, efetuámos um teste integrado englobando todos os requisitos:
-\begin{enumerate}
-    \item Começamos por iniciar todas as máquinas com os devidos \textit{scripts}.
-    \item Na máquina \textit{Road Warrior}, iniciámos a ligação OpenVPN com o utilizador, a sua password e o \textit{token} TOTP.
-    \item O \textit{Gateway} OpenVPN verifica as credenciais e verifica o certificado cliente contra o servidor OCSP.
-    \item Antes de acedermos ao firefox, temos que verificar que já adicionámos a nossa a nossa CA e o certificado \texttt{p12}.
-    \item Através do túnel VPN, acedemos agora ao endereço \texttt{https://apache.coimbra} no browser.
-    \item O servidor Apache solicitou o certificado X.509 do utilizador e validou a sua autenticidade e estado de revogação no OCSP.
-    \item Finalmente, o Apache apresentou a página de login, onde inserimos as credenciais e o código TOTP.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-
-\section{Conclusão}
-
-Atingimos o objetivo deste trabalho: conseguimos configurar o túnel VPN,
-o \textit{two-factor authentication} em múltiplos serviços, e conseguimos gerir o ciclo de vida dos
-certificados emitidos através de uma CA própria e OCSP. Utilizar mais máquinas para simular um cenário
-maior seria redundante e apenas exigiria a emissão de mais certificados, não acrescentando muito ao nível de aprendizagem. 
-
-Aplicando conhecimentos de trabalhos anteriores,
-poderíamos aplicar políticas mais restritas nas \textit{iptables} (ex: regras de DROP aos pacotes indesejados),
-e implementar ferramentas como o Suricata para identificar possíveis anomalias e ataques aos serviços.
-
-\end{document}

assignment2/relatorio/relatorio.toc

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-\babel@toc {portuguese}{}\relax 
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introdução}{3}{section.1}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Preparação Inicial}{3}{section.2}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Criação de Certificados}{3}{subsection.2.1}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Configuração geral}{4}{subsection.2.2}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}VPN Gateway}{5}{section.3}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Configuração da Máquina}{5}{subsection.3.1}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Configuração do Serviço OpenVPN}{6}{subsection.3.2}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Erros}{7}{subsection.3.3}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4}Configurar o utilizador com TOTP}{7}{subsection.3.4}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}VPN Client (Road Warrior)}{8}{section.4}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Configuração da Máquina}{8}{subsection.4.1}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Configuração do Cliente OpenVPN}{8}{subsection.4.2}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Testes}{9}{subsection.4.3}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Servidor Apache e OCSP}{9}{section.5}%
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Configuração da Máquina}{10}{subsection.5.1}%
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.1.1}Testes}{12}{subsubsection.5.1.1}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Teste Integrado}{13}{section.6}%
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Conclusão}{13}{section.7}%

assignment2/relatorio/style.sty

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
-\usepackage{raleway}
-\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
-\usepackage{ulem}
-\usepackage{wrapfig}
-\usepackage{graphicx,tabularx,booktabs}
-\usepackage{paracol}
-\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
-\usepackage{enumitem,amssymb}
-\usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=blue,linkcolor=MidnightBlue]{hyperref}
-\graphicspath{{./img/}}
-
-\usepackage{enumitem,amssymb}
-\newlist{todolist}{itemize}{2}
-\setlist[todolist]{noitemsep, topsep=0pt,label=$\square$}
-
-\usepackage{pifont}
-\usepackage{amssymb}
-
-\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
-\tcbuselibrary{listings, skins, breakable}
-
-\lstdefinestyle{mystyle}{
-    basicstyle=\ttfamily\footnotesize,
-    breakatwhitespace=false,         
-    breaklines=true,                 
-    captionpos=b,                    
-    keepspaces=true,                 
-    numbers=left,                    
-    numbersep=5pt,                  
-    showspaces=false,                
-    showstringspaces=false,
-    showtabs=false,                  
-    tabsize=2,
-    commentstyle=\color{gray},
-    keywordstyle=\color{MidnightBlue}\bfseries,
-    stringstyle=\color{ForestGreen}
-}
-
-\newtcblisting{codeblock}[2][]{
-    enhanced,
-    breakable,
-    colback=gray!2!white,
-    colframe=gray!20!black,
-    attach boxed title to top left={yshift*=-\tcboxedtitleheight/2, xshift=4mm},
-    boxed title style={
-        colback=gray!20!black,
-        outer arc=0pt,
-        arc=0pt,
-        top=1pt,
-        bottom=1pt,
-    },
-    fonttitle=\bfseries\ttfamily\footnotesize,
-    title={#2},
-    listing only,
-    listing options={
-        style=mystyle,
-        language=#1,
-    }
-}
-
-\setlength{\parskip}{1em}%
-\setlength{\parindent}{0em}%
-

assignment2/www/index.html

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-    <meta charset="UTF-8">
-    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-    <title>Coimbra VPN</title>
-</head>
-<body>
-    <h1>Coimbra VPN</h1>
-    <p>Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit.
-     Minima porro unde praesentium sint itaque optio, deserunt eum est voluptatum, natus nihil repellat amet impedit? Fugiat fugit ex quis molestiae sit.</p>
-    
-</body>
-</html>

assignment2/www/login.html

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-    <head>
-        <meta charset="UTF-8">
-        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
-        <title>Coimbra VPN</title>
-    </head>
-    <body>
-        <h1>Two-Factor Auth</h1>
-        <p>Enter your UNIX credentials and TOTP code</p>
-
-        <form action="/dologin" method="POST">
-
-            <label for="username">Username</label>
-            <input type="text" id="username" name="httpd_username" placeholder="username">
-
-            <br>
-
-            <label for="password">UNIX Password (password + 6 digit TOTP)</label>
-            <input type="password" id="password" name="httpd_password" placeholder="password + TOTP" required>
-
-            <button type="submit">Login</button>
-        </form>
-    </body>
-</html>

chave-pgp-do-rogerio.txt

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conf/httpd.conf

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
-ServerName "10.60.0.1"
-
-Listen 80
-User apache
-Group apache
-
-Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
-Include conf/modsecurity.conf
-
-<Directory />
-    AllowOverride none
-    Require all denied
-</Directory>
-
-DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
-
-<Directory "/var/www">
-    AllowOverride None
-    Require all granted
-</Directory>
-
-# Further relax access to the default document root:
-<Directory "/var/www/html">
-    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
-    AllowOverride None
-    Require all granted
-</Directory>
-
-# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
-# is requested.
-#
-<IfModule dir_module>
-    DirectoryIndex index.html
-</IfModule>
-
-# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being 
-# viewed by Web clients. 
-<Files ".ht*">
-    Require all denied
-</Files>
-
-ErrorLog "logs/error_log"
-LogLevel warn
-
-<IfModule log_config_module>
-    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
-    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common
-
-    <IfModule logio_module>
-      LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio
-    </IfModule>
-
-    CustomLog "logs/access_log" combined
-</IfModule>
-
-<IfModule mime_module>
-    TypesConfig /etc/mime.types
-
-    AddType application/x-compress .Z
-    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
-
-    AddType text/html .shtml
-    AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml
-</IfModule>
-
-AddDefaultCharset UTF-8
-
-<IfModule mime_magic_module>
-    MIMEMagicFile conf/magic
-</IfModule>
-
-# reverse proxy for juice shop
-ProxyRequests Off
-ProxyPreserveHost On
-
-<VirtualHost 10.60.0.1:80>
-    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
-        RequestHeader unset Accept-Encoding
-    </IfModule>
-
-    ProxyPass / http://127.0.0.1:3000/
-    ProxyPassReverse / http://127.0.0.1:3000/
-</VirtualHost>
-
-# EnableMMAP off
-# EnableSendfile on
-IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf
-ServerAdmin jeevacation@gmail.com
-# ServerName www.coimbravpn.com:80

conf/modsecurity.conf

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-SecRuleEngine On
-SecRequestBodyAccess On
-SecResponseBodyAccess On
-SecDebugLog /var/log/modsecurity/debug.log
-SecDebugLogLevel 0
-SecAuditLogParts ABIJ
-SecAuditLogType Serial
-SecAuditLog /var/log/modsecurity/audit.log
-SecRequestBodyJsonParser On
-
-# sql injection
-SecRule REQUEST_BODY "['\"].*--" \
-    "id:950001,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'SQL Injection: quote and comment',log"
-
-# xss / html injection
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(<.*>)|(%3C.*%3E)" \
-    "id:950003,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'XSS/HTML INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
-
-# command injection
-SecRule ARGS "(\"role\".*:.*\"admin\")|exec|cat|more|ls|dir|/etc/passwd" \
-    "id:950006,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'COMMAND INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
-
-# path traversal
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|\.\./|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
-    "id:950007,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'PATH TRAVERSAL ATTEMPT!!!',log"
-
-# exposed stuff (redundante ?)
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
-    "id:950008,phase:2,deny,status:500,msg:'ATTEMPT TO ACCESS FTP, METRICS, API-DOCS!!!',log"
-
-# rate limiting on login endpoint
-# (max 5 requests per 30s per IP)
-SecAction \
-    "id:950009,phase:1,initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},pass,nolog"
-SecRule REQUEST_URI "@streq /rest/user/login" \
-    "id:950010,phase:2,pass,nolog,setvar:ip.login_count=+1,expirevar:ip.login_count=30"
-SecRule IP:LOGIN_COUNT "@gt 5" \
-    "id:950011,phase:2,deny,status:429,msg:'Rate Limit Exceeded on Login',log"

enunciado.txt

@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-FSI 2025/2026
-Practical Assignment #3
-
-1. Goals
-•
-
-Explore the WSTG (Web Security Testing Guide)1 web security testing guidelines.
-
-•
-
-Configure and explore the usage of ModSecurity reverse proxy as a WAF (Web Application Firewall)
-
-2. General description
-The main goals of this assignment are to explore web application security and to implement a web application firewall to
-secure a web application against application-layer attacks. The web application to be used in this assignment is the OWASP
-JuiceShop2 3. This assignment is split in two phases: the first phase is dedicated to exploring the security of the JuiceShop
-web application, and the second phase aims at monitor, filter, and block HTTP traffic to the JuiceShop, through the
-implementation of a WAF using ModSecurity, with the aim to address the security issues identified in the first phase. Figure
-1 illustrates the two phases of the assignment, depicting the JuiceShop web server, the penetration testing client and the
-WAF.
-
-Figure 1 – Security testing and WAF phases of the Assignment
-
-1
-
-WSTG with v42 is available at: https://owasp.org/www-project-web-security-testing-guide/
-
-2
-
-OWASP JuiceShop: https://owasp.org/www-project-juice-shop/
-For this assignment, it is recommended to use the most recent version of the JuiceShop. At the time of writing this document it is v17.2.0
-
-3
-
-3. Phase 1 - Web application security testing
-In this phase the goal is to explore web application security using the JuiceShop website following the relevant and applicable
-WSTG web security testing guidelines, and for this purpose any security tools can be used. In this context, OWASP ZAP
-and security tools already available in Kali Linux are particularly relevant. This web security testing phase is described in
-Figure 1, where the client has direct communications to the web server. As part of your tests, the OWASP ZAP penetration
-tests must, at least:
-a. Perform an automated scan to the website.
-b. Perform an active scan to the website (explore the most effective policies).
-c. Manage add-on required to improve the test and maximize threats identification.
-d. Perform a Fuzz attack to the login form.
-e. Perform a manual penetration test to explore logged in threats.
-f.
-
-Configure OWASP ZAP active scan to explore authenticated area.
-
-The JuiceShop application can be installed via source code or using docker, as follows:
-•
-
-Installation through source code in one of the virtual machines
-
-•
-
-Using a docker approach (requires Docker Desktop)
-
-As a result of your tests, you should prepare a web application security report, structured along the WSTG guidelines. The
-report must document the identified vulnerabilities and on how these can be exploited (e.g., weak passwords, insecure
-configurations).
-
-4. Phase 2 – Setup and testing of a WAF (web application firewall)
-Based on the web application security report produced in the first phase of the assignment, deploy an WAF between the
-client and the web server, as depicted in Figure 1. The goals of this WAF are to monitor, filter, and block HTTP traffic to
-the Juice Shop. This WAF server should be composed of an Apache 2 service with ModSecurity, and the WAF
-configuration should be optimized to prevent all possible attacks.
-As a result of this phase of the Assignment, you should repeat all penetration tests performed in the previous task and assess
-the performance of the WAF in detecting and blocking the attacks. You should update the web application security report
-accordingly, by including the configurations, description of the tests and performance results in a separate section.
-5. Delivery of the Practical Assignment
-2
-
-•
-
-The deadline for the delivery of the assignment (configuration files and report, via Inforestudante) is 31/5/2026.
-
-•
-
-Notes:
-o
-
-Assignments without PGP will be accepted, although with a discount of 5% in the final grade.
-
-o
-
-Submissions via Inforestudante.
-
-The delivery of the practical assignment can document aspects regarding the methodology of testing, the analysis of results
-and can be structured as follows:
-
-1) Introduction
-2) Arquitecture considered for the PA#3 (for both scenarios 1 and 2)
-- Network structure
-- Servers
-- Services
-3) Web application security testing
-1 Information Gathering
-2 Configuration and Deployment Management Testing
-3 Identity Management Testing
-4 Authentication Testing
-5 Authorization Testing
-6 Session Management Testing
-7 Input Validation Testing
-8 Testing for Error Handling
-9 Testing for Weak Cryptography
-10 Business Logic Testing
-11 Client Side Testing
-4) Web application security firewall
-1 Information Gathering
-2 Configuration and Deployment Management Testing
-3 Identity Management Testing
-4 Authentication Testing
-5 Authorization Testing
-6 Session Management Testing
-7 Input Validation Testing
-8 Testing for Error Handling
-9 Testing for Weak Cryptography
-10 Business Logic Testing
-11 Client Side Testing
-5) Conclusions
-
-3
-
-6. Important/relevant aspects
-The Web Application Security Testing document includes several sections, providing guidelines for testing. The guideline
-applicable to this assignment is mainly in Section 4, which must be analysed carefully, since testing tools may be suggested in
-each section.
-The practical assignment targets black-box testing, which is according to OWASP in WSTG “the art of testing a system or
-application remotely to find security vulnerabilities, without knowing the inner workings of the target itself”. Thus, in this
-type of testing strategy we focus on tools such as web application security scanners, vulnerability scanners and penetration
-testing software.
-The following aspects are relevant in what respects the WSTG guidelines and structure:
-1. Section 4.7 should be considered as a whole, which can be tested with OWASP ZAP or a similar tool. There are
-some subsections, that do not apply in this assignment. For instance, the Juice Shop does not include any support
-for LDAP, so subsection 4.7.6 – “Testing for LDAP injection” does not require any action/testing.
-2. Section 4.11 should be considered as a whole, which can be tested with OWASP ZAP or a similar tool.
-3. Section 4.9 should not be considered since communications with Juice Shop are not over HTTPS.
-4. Section 4.10 should not be considered as well, as it is out of scope of this assignment.
-5. Other subsections are out of scope of this assignment, and students should identify these in the report (and explain
-why). For instance. subsection 4.2.9, 4.2.10 and 4.2.11 are not applicable in this assignment.
-Regarding the second phase of the work, with the Web Application Firewall, the following aspects should be considered:
-1. The main goal of the project in the second phase is to enable detection and prevention of the issues identified in the
-first phase. Nonetheless, all the detection and prevention actions must be possible using Apache and ModSecurity
-(with OWASP CRS), no other tools should be considered for this purpose.
-2. The issues identified Section 4.3 of WSTG cannot be detected and solved with ModSecurity (with OWASP CRS),
-so no action is required. ModSecurity is a WAF that operates at the HTTP level — it analyzes HTTP requests and
-responses and blocks traffic based on patterns (malicious payloads, suspicious headers, etc.). Identity Management
-issues are application logic flaws, not attacks with detectable patterns in HTTP traffic.
-
-4
-
-

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relatorio.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
+\usepackage[lining]{ebgaramond}
+
+\title{Practical Assignment \#1}
+\author{
+    João Neto -- \\[1em]
+    Vasco Alves -- 2022228207
+}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\tableofcontents
+\newpage
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+\section{Firewall}
+Sigmasigmaboy123
+\subsection{Packet fileter with NAT}
+\subsection{Packet filtering without NAT}
+\subsection{External Network}
+\subsection{Internal Network}
+
+\section{Intrusion Detection}
+
+\section{Conclusion}
+
+\end{document}

relatorio.toc

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+\babel@toc {portuguese}{}\relax 
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Firewall}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Packet fileter with NAT}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}Packet filtering without NAT}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}External Network}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Internal Network}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Intrusion Detection}{2}{}%
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Conclusion}{2}{}%

relatorio/relatorio.aux

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relatorio/relatorio.listing

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-SecRuleEngine On
-SecRequestBodyAccess On
-SecResponseBodyAccess On
-SecDebugLog /var/log/modsecurity/debug.log
-SecDebugLogLevel 0
-SecAuditLogParts ABIJ
-SecAuditLogType Serial
-SecAuditLog /var/log/modsecurity/audit.log
-
-# sql injection
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "['\";]|--" \
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(?i:(?:select|insert|update|delete|drop|union|create|alter|truncate)\s+.+\s+from|'[^']*'|--|;|\b(or|and)\b\s+\d+\s*=\s*\d+)" \
-    "id:950001,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'SQL INJECTION ATTACK DETECTED!!!',log,t:urlDecode,t:sqlHexDecode,t:lowercase"
-
-# xss / html injection
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "(<.*>)|(%3C.*%3E)" \
-    "id:950003,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'XSS/HTML INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
-
-# command injection
-SecRule ARGS "(\"role\".*:.*\"admin\")|exec|cat|more|ls|dir|/etc/passwd" \
-    "id:950006,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'COMMAND INJECTION DETECTED!!!',log"
-
-# path traversal
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|\.\./|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
-    "id:950007,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'PATH TRAVERSAL ATTEMPT!!!',log"
-
-# exposed stuff (redundante ?)
-SecRule REQUEST_URI|ARGS "\%00|\%2500|ftp|metrics|api-docs" \
-    "id:950008,phase:2,deny,status:500,msg:'ATTEMPT TO ACCESS FTP, METRICS, API-DOCS!!!',log"
-
-# rate limiting on login endpoint
-# (max 5 requests per 30s per IP)
-SecAction \
-    "id:950009,phase:1,initcol:ip=%{REMOTE_ADDR},pass,nolog"
-SecRule REQUEST_URI "@streq /rest/user/login" \
-    "id:950010,phase:2,pass,nolog,setvar:ip.login_count=+1,expirevar:ip.login_count=30"
-SecRule IP:LOGIN_COUNT "@gt 5" \
-    "id:950011,phase:2,deny,status:429,msg:'Rate Limit Exceeded on Login',log"

relatorio/relatorio.out

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